Essay on Feminist Theory in Heart of Darkness - 1199 Words

Angels and Monsters in Heart of Darkness Joseph Conrad’s varying depiction of women in his novel Heart of Darkness provides feminist literary theory with ample opportunity to explore the overlying societal dictation of women’s gender roles and expectations in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The majority of feminist theorists claim that Conrad perpetuates patriarchal ideology, yet there are a few that argue the novel is gendered feminine. Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar claim â€Å"Conrad’s Heart of Darkness†¦penetrates more ironically and thus more inquiringly into the dark core of otherness that had so disturbed the patriarchal, the imperialist, and the psychoanalytic imaginations†¦Conrad designs for Marlow a pilgrimage whose†¦show more content†¦This need to separate the angelic qualities of women into a totally separate world might come from the desire to protect one’s mother, and plays into the idea of the eternal fe minine that must be preserved. â€Å"She has no story of her own but gives ‘advice and consolation’ to others, listens, smiles, sympathizes†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Gilbert and Gubar 815). The aunt is a perfect example of such feminine qualities and represents the untainted light of civilization. Marlow then encounters two women who represent the gatekeepers of Darkness, which puts Marlow in an uneasy mood. Conrad uses these women to symbolize both the angelic and the monstrous aspects of the female gender; they welcome the newcomers and guide them to the next step of their journey, yet knit black wool which symbolizes death, to which they are escorting their guests. This dichotomy echoes throughout Marlow’s journey, â€Å"Often far away there I thought of these two, guarding the door of Darkness, knitting black wool as for a warm pall, one introducing, introducing continuously to the unknown, the other scrutinizing the cheery and foolish faces with unconcerned old eyesà ¢â‚¬  (Conrad 12). The two women further the theme of light into darkness, the fall of one’s humanity from civilized to savage. While the story starts with an illustration of the angelic feminine in the form of Marlow’s aunt, Conrad presents the first step into darkness by representing the two femaleShow MoreRelatedRacism And Sexism In Joseph Conrads Heart Of Darkness1108 Words   |  5 Pagesundertaking VCE. From the time Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad was published in 1899 the novel has been held under considerable scrutiny as many interpretations have been developed over the novels true intent as well as the overall message portrayed within. Chinua Achebe’s â€Å"An Image of Africa† is a well-known criticism on Heart of Darkness that focuses on a Post-Colonial perspective to describe the nature of the novel. Jeremy Hawthorn’s â€Å"The Women of Heart of Darkness† is another well-known criticismRead MoreHeart Of Darkness By Joseph Co nrad942 Words   |  4 Pagesread at face value, Joseph Conrad’s novella, Heart of Darkness, portrays a tale of white, imperial, oppression of the African natives of the Congo. However, when viewed through the lenses of psychoanalysis and feminism, different interpretations emerge. Psychoanalysis provides a glimpse into the mind of Marlow. The story reads as if it takes place within a dream world. Feminist theory examines the perceptible qualities associated with women. Each theory presents a new way of interpreting and understandingRead MoreEssay Psychoanalytic Criticism1137 Words   |  5 Pageswork has influenced society in ways which we take for granted. When we speak of Freudian slips or look for hidden causes behind irrational behavior, we are using aspects of Freudian analysis. Many literary critics have also adopted Freuds various theories and methods. In order to define Freudian literary criticism, we will examine how various critics approach Freuds work. We will pay special attention to issues of creativity , author psychology , and psycho-biography . Creativity and neurosisRead MoreCritical Theory2567 Words   |  11 PagesChoose 2 theories from Semester 1 and highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the theories’ application. In this essay two theories will be examined in regards to their advantages and disadvantages, when applied. For this, Feminism and Post-Colonialism will be used, as both theories unite in their aim to deconstruct the dominant ideologies and stereotypes in a patriarchal and imperialistic ‘white European male ’ dominated society, thus overthrowing centuries of colonization, subordinationRead MoreCritical Theory2551 Words   |  11 PagesChoose 2 theories from Semester 1 and highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the theories’ application. In this essay two theories will be examined in regards to their advantages and disadvantages, when applied. For this, Feminism and Post-Colonialism will be used, as both theories unite in their aim to deconstruct the dominant ideologies and stereotypes in a patriarchal and imperialistic ‘white European male ’ dominated society, thus overthrowing centuries of colonization, subordinationRead More Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness Through a Freudian Lens1194 Words   |  5 Pagesbecome challenging with more difficult texts, such as Joseph Conrad’s novella Heart of Darkness. Fortunately, literary audiences are not abandoned to flounder in pieces such as this; active readers may look through many different lenses to see possible meanings in a work. For example, Conrad’s Heart of Darkness may be deciphered with a post-colonial, feminist, or archetypal mindset, or analyzed with Freudian psycho-analytic theory. The latter two would effectively reveal the gr eater roles of Kurtz andRead MoreMarxism As A Conflict Theory1273 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Marxism is a conflict theory based on the idea that society is in conflict with each other; the conflict is between the rich and the poor† (â€Å"A Brief Introduction to Marxism†). The basic tenets of Marx’s theory rest on the conflict between the different classes of society of which, Marx states that â€Å"the ideas of the ruling class are in every epoch the ruling ideas: i.e.,the class which is the ruling material force of society is at the same time its ruling intellectual force. The class which hasRead MoreMy research paper is entitled, Analyzing Heart of Darkness through a Feminist Lens. Through this3100 Words   |  13 PagesMy research paper is entitled, Analyzing Heart of Darkness through a Feminist Lens. Through this paper, I will investigate and examine Heart of Darkness by means of Feminist Criticism and literary theory. I aspire to thoroughly analyze the entire narrative, in order to pull out and pinpoint various aspects and examples linked to feminist theory. I want to investigate and spotlight specific occurrences, in the novel, where characteristics of Feminist Criticism can be found or applied. I specificallyRead MoreThe Joys Of Motherhood Summary1253 Words   |  6 Pagessingle story in The Joys of Motherhood, when it comes to understanding world literature one needs to look past certain stereotypes about Africa. One could classify â€Å"The Joys of Motherhood† in world literature under the category of postcolonial feminist theory. A story being narrated by Nnu Ego, an Igbo woman from Ibuza, who is being faced with a struggle after losing one son, lives in poverty, and being unable to conceive while being with her first husband. After leaving him and moving to Lagos, whereRead MoreA Very Short Introduction By Jonathan Culler1279 Words   |  6 PagesIn Literary Criticism A Very Short Introduction, author Jonathan Culler writes on feminist theory: on the one hand, feminist theorists champion the identity of women, demand rights for women, and promote women’s writings as representations of the experience of women. On the other hand, feminists undertake a theoretical critique of the heterosexual matrix that organizes identities and cultures in terms of the opposition between man and woman (Culler 140). These two approaches, championing and critiquing

Heritage Assessment - 1503 Words

Running head: THE HERITAGE ASSESSMENT OF HISPANIC, ASIAN AND The Heritage Assessment of Hispanic, Asian and African American Families B.Cohran Grand Canyon University The Heritage Assessment of Hispanic, Asian and African American Families The Heritage Assessment Tool (HST) is used to â€Å"investigate a given patient’s or your own ethnic, cultural, and religious heritage†¦it can help determine how deeply a given person identifies with a particular tradition†. (prenhall.com). This assessment of 29 questions based on family, social, cultural, religious and immigration history can be very helpful in identifying the individual’s health traditions and beliefs, which can promote a more culturally competent R.N. Cultural competency is†¦show more content†¦This individual/family reports that she regularly speaks to her family in Taiwan via Skype, Facebook and cell phone. She grew up as a Buddhist but does not attend any religious services on a regular basis but does admit to occasionally meditating. Meditating is a central Buddhist practice; it is a â€Å"form of mental concentration that leads to enlightenment and spiritual freedom.† (religionfacts.com). Although this individual didn’t fully scribe to traditional beliefs on health and illness, she did give a few insights to the interviewer. Reputations are very important to Asians, being embarrassed or having something personal told to an outsider is a huge deal. Confidentiality is very important and medical-health issues are not discussed with outsiders. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [cdc], n.d., ∂ 4)). Asian culture beliefs include the mind-body-spirit balance or yin and yang.† Yin and Yang are dynamic and complementary, not oppositional forces, for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction, one can’t exist without the other and imbalance leads to illness.† (cdc,n.d). Traditional types of Chinese medicine include herbs, massage and acupuncture and acupressure; these remedies offer preventative and restorative properties. Acupressure is believed to â€Å"manipulate the flow of energy or Qi†; it is believed to be both preventative and rest orative. (acupuncture benefits). In addressing health protection, promotion and restoration, thisShow MoreRelatedHeritage Notation Assessment4283 Words   |  18 PagesThe affects of Heritage notation orders Detailed analysis 23rd April 2012 Contents Abstract Introduction What is Heritage Significance? What is a Heritage notation order? What are the benefits of heritage listing? What does a heritage listing entail? How is the community affected? What are the disadvantages of heritage listing? The role of local government planning. The role of the Commonwealth. The positive impact of heritage listing on value. The negative impact of heritage listing on valueRead MoreHeritage Assessment1510 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Heritage Assessment: Comparing Cultural Health Traditions Monica V. Poehner Grand Canyon University: Family Centered Health Promotion November 16, 2013 Heritage Assessment: Comparing Cultural Health Traditions Culture and heritage are the properties that make up a way of life for a specific population. As referenced by South African History Online (n.d.), â€Å"Culture should be regarded as the set of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features of societyRead MoreHeritage Assessment1246 Words   |  5 PagesHeritage assessment Danielle Sumner Grand Canyon University Heritage assessment Introduction The Heritage Assessment Tool can be adopted as a dependable tool to gauge, health maintenance, restoration and safeguard of personal, cultural beliefs. The adoption of health assessment tool helps meet the prerequisites of diverse patient populations to offer quality all-inclusive care. The following paper reviews the assessment of three culturally dissimilar families, and demonstrate how a nurse wouldRead MoreHeritage Assessment1064 Words   |  5 PagesHeritage Assessment By, Genethia Guerrero Grand Canyon University: NRS-429V Family Health Promotion 04/17/2011 Jose Alejandro Every individual has a cultural heritage. Each culture views the world differently. Culture is an inherited characteristic and includes knowledge, beliefs, customs, skills, likes and dislikes. The fundamental role of cultural heritage is uniting, respecting the diversities and brings people together to face the future by informing, perceiving and give importance toRead MoreHeritage Assessment1611 Words   |  7 PagesThe Influence of Heritage on Current Culture Evaluation of how family subscribes to these traditions and practices is offered in detail, while offering insight and/or reflection.It is essential for nurses to provide culturally sensitive care to each and every patient in order to establish repor and maintain a safe working relationship with each individual. To provide culturally sensitive care to a nurses patient’s he or she must first assess their own beliefs, values, and culture at large. TheRead MoreHeritage Assessment1366 Words   |  6 PagesAs a measurement tool, heritage assessment helps a person appreciate further his cultural background, find strengths in his personality (based from his specific cultural background), and work on weaknesses that he has. Unlike other assessment tools, this is a quantitative-based approach aimed at threshing out a person’s family, religious and ethnic background that Influences the healthcare delivered to that person or to their culture The greater the number of the positiv e responses shows the person’sRead MoreHeritage Assessment1104 Words   |  5 PagesHeritage Assessment NRS-429V | Culture and Cultural Competency in Health Promotion John Thomas 3/24/13 The Heritage Assessment tool is primarily used as a device to evaluate health maintenance, health protection, and health restoration of a person’s cultural beliefs and values (Spector, 2006). This assessment helps aid in providing quality patient care in that it helps to meet and respect the needs of different types of people and their respective backgrounds (Spector, 2002). This particularRead MoreHeritage Assessment963 Words   |  4 PagesHeritage Assessment Tracie Bigelow Grand Canyon University: 429V Melinda Darling September 29, 2013 Heritage Assessment Culture is defined as the beliefs, customs, arts, etc., of a particular society group place of time (Culture, 2013). The heritage assessment tool is a great method used to assess health maintenance, protection, and restoration of each individual’s cultural beliefs. The heritage assessment tool is often used by healthcare providers to help determine different culturalRead MoreHeritage Assessment968 Words   |  4 PagesHeritage Assessment Angel S. Winnie Grand Canyon University: NRS429V May 17, 2013 Heritage Assessment The heritage assessment tool is a checklist used by professionals to gain knowledge of patient’s culture and beliefs prior to initiating care. (Spector, 2000). There are many different cultures in this country, brining different beliefs in health, illness, recovery, death, and life. The heritage assessment tool is an important measure towards better understanding of cultural competency,Read MoreHeritage Assessment1692 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Assessing Family Health Patterns: Evaluating the Usefulness of a Heritage Assessment Tool Sarah Potter Grand Canyon University: NRS-429V-0191 October 5, 2014 Assessing Family Health Patterns: Evaluating the Usefulness of a Heritage Assessment Tool In the United States today cultural diversity is growing more prevalent every day. The report from the Institute of Medicine (IOM: Unequal treatment, 2002) presented information that racial and ethnic minorities of all ages

Does Social Media Cause Psychological Problems - 1487 Words

Jay Santos CSI-194-500 Ethic and the Information Age Does Social Media Cause Psychological Problems ? In the information world where social media Web sites had become part of almost everybody’s lives, disseminating personal information had become easy and larger in terms of scope and scale and anybody who has access to the internet can easily do so. Anybody who has access to this social media website can reveal news of engagements and breakups, job gains and losses, or even news of life and death; its easy to become overwhelmed especially when you need to keep up with friends and families from a distance or in a different geographical location. Social media comes in many forms including blogs and micro-blogs, forums and message boards,†¦show more content†¦Comparing with other people is a natural tendency that we all do to some extent. It can be normal as long as you only evaluate similarities and differences. It’s also productive if you’re inspired to emulate another’s impressive traits but there are instances that this becomes dysfunctional when it develops envy and jealousy, if a person judges themselves as less fortunate than others, and then there is a greater chance that low self esteem will develop. Another study about social media website and other technology that can have negative effects on the mental health of children and teenagers was conducted by Dr. Larry D. Rosen, a professor of psychology at California State University. In the 119th Annual Convention of the American Psychology Association in Washington D.C. on August 4-7, 2012, he revealed that in his study entitled â€Å"Poke Me: How Social Networks Can both Help and Harm Our Kids†, teenagers and young adults who are continuously logged on to Facebook are more often to show psychological disorders, like mania, paranoia, aggressive tendencies, antisocial behavior and increased alcohol use. These teens also more often displayed narcissistic tendencies, which are fedShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Teenagers and Anorexia Essay1078 Words   |  5 PagesAnorexia Teenagers across America have a number of problems that they have to deal with everyday, whether it is bullying, stress, friends, school, or body image. Body image is something that is especially sensitive to adolescents and is a growing issue in the modern day. Teens, especially girls, are the most self-conscious group of people so it is not surprising that eating disorders are most likely to develop when a girl or boy becomes a teenager. Anorexia is the most common eating disorderRead MoreSocial Media And Current Technology Availability For Children And Young Adults1723 Words   |  7 PagesThis is just the beginning Social media have grown tremendously this past couple years. The number of social media websites has increased from single digit to double digit different sites in the course of 10 years. Facebook, established in 2004, has become a vital part of people’s everyday lives. With this website, there is a â€Å"friend† system, which the users can communicate with each other through messages, comments, posts, or group system. Serving to connect people from around the world, FacebookRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Cyberbullying972 Words   |  4 PagesSocial media is one of the most widespread methods of communication and interaction worldwide. While social media comes in various forms, they all tend to share the same motive: Encourage the public socialize. Most would wonder how this could be such a bad thing and see very few problems relating to social media. Others see right through the illusion of the LED screen. The public can easily hide behind a keyboard without threat of confrontation for their words or actions on the internet. AnythingRead MoreSocial Inequality In The Media1700 Words   |  7 PagesThe media carries a significant role in the distribution of information in American society. The American populace rely on entertainment and news networks to properly feed them updates on science, politics, celebrities and so much more. The media has this kind of power due to the fast pace way of life Americans live as well as their inability, or lack of want, to read pure and unadulterated academic articles on any given subject. While the media never seems to stop covering vast topics of interestRead MoreAnorexia Nervosa And Its Effects On Society1514 Words   |  7 Pagesintake due to an intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted body image. There has been an unfortunate increase in people suffering from Anorexia Nervosa over the past several decades. Anorexia can be caused by a combination of social, interpersonal, and psychological factors that must be resolved through treatment. Anorexia is an extremely dangerous disorder that results in death for many people if not treated. Anorexia Nervosa can occur at any point in life, but is most common in men and womenRead MoreNegative Effects Of Social Media1743 Words   |  7 Pages Social media is one of the most widespread methods of communication and interaction worldwide. While social media comes in various forms, they all tend to share the same motive: Encourage the public socialize. Most would wonder how this could be such a bad thing and see very few problems relating to social media. Others see right through the illusion of the LED screen. The public can easily hide behind a keyboard without threat of confrontation for their words or actions on the internet. AnythingRead MoreNegative Effects Of Social Media1743 Words   |  7 Pagesthese people are on their social media accounts. According to Brooke Lusk, the database and media manager for the Prevention Researcher, social media can be defined as, â€Å"an aspect of the internet which allows individuals and groups to create and publish online content , share the content, and interact about it.† These days, people are very involved with the internet and social media. Some think this is a benefit while others think this is a detriment for many reasons. Social media allows people to stayRead MoreOne Must Put Themselves In The Shoes Of The Parent From969 Words   |  4 Pagesworld on social media being filled with likes and comments. How might that make one feel? In June 2013, Publicis Singapore, a nonprofit crisis relief group created this campaign called Liking Isn t Helping to show others across the world that liking a post on social media does not actually help them. In their campaign â€Å"Liking Isn’t Helping†, they portray children who’s had to face the consequences from wars, earthquakes, and floods. Helping does not come from hitting like on social media; helpingRead MoreSocial Media And Its Impact On Society Essay1691 Words   |  7 PagesThe evolution of social media has been a controversial i ssue over the years. Since its beginning, it has had a historical impact on everyday life by changing the way we talk and interact with one another. Social media represents both positive and adverse effects on society, but does one side tip the scale more than the other? Online social media surrounds almost everyone in the modern society, and its worldwide popularity has empowered all generations to be connected and actively participate inRead MoreCyber Bullying Is An Act Of Harassment By Sending Or Posting Harmful And Embarrassing Information1527 Words   |  7 Pagesbullying is considered an act of harassment by sending or posting harmful and embarrassing information or images of a person using the internet and various social media sites; it can include a number of things such as: stalking the victim, sending threats, impersonations, and humiliation of the victim (Feinberg 10). Due to the fact that social media and technology are so prominent in student’s lives today, it is hard for them to escape becoming a victim of cyber bullying, especially at school. Cyberbullying

The Effects Of Effective Communication On Job Performance

When asked to write a reflective think piece describing a single communication issue as it pertains to the organization in which I work, the Employment Development Department, I decided to delve into the topic of effective communication, especially in regards to job expectations. I choose this particular aspect of communication because it is one of my divisions biggest complaints in regards to management or the lack there of, and I want to better understand how to avoid miscommunicating with fellow employee as well as management. Therefore, this paper will explore effective communication beginning with the basic meaning, examine some key elements of communication, take a brief look at a real world example of communication in the workplace, then gradually explore some solutions that might assist in overcoming this imperative issue. Understanding Communication In order to address issues of communication and how the topic effects job performance one must first begin with what is meant by effective communication, one must also consider why expectations are necessary. Communication not just the exchange of information, it also encompasses the emotion and intentions behind the information. In order for effective communication to take place both the sender and receiver of the message have to actively engage in the process. The process can be difficult as the sender must attempt to convey the message in a manner in which the receiver will understood it in the way that wasShow MoreRelatedPerformance Appraisals and Employee Performance1035 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Performance Appraisals and Employee Performance: Performance appraisals are constantly viewed as burdensome tasks that employers would like to avoid despite understanding the significance of evaluating the performance of employees. This consideration is further fueled in organizations and companies with minimal pay raises and bonuses as well as those with downsized compensations. Organizations that take similar initiatives to deal with current economic challenges also experience difficultiesRead MoreMotivation, Stress, and Communication1713 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Motivation, Stress and Communication: As part of analyzing motivation, stress, and communication in the workplace, I have selected the position of human service manager in United Way of Central Indiana. The company is located in Indianapolis and focuses on helping to sustain significant services for people in need of help and preventing the occurrence of such needs for future generations. United Way of Central Indiana has two major priorities that are centered on providing important human servicesRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Issaquah Philharmonic Orchestra1558 Words   |  7 PagesPhilharmonic Orchestra,† n.d.). This paper analyzes the team effectiveness of the IPO board using a list of 10 performance measures for evaluation, 3 quantitative and 7 qualitative, taken from various academic and industry sources. The paper also identifies a number of important dynamics which contribute to IPO’s success and offers suggestions to improve the orchestra’s board performance in a number of weak areas. Analysis A group is formed by having two or more freely interacting individuals andRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Issaquah Philharmonic Orchestra1546 Words   |  7 PagesIssaquah (â€Å"Issaquah Philharmonic Orchestra,† n.d.). This paper analyzes the team effectiveness of the IPO board using a list of 10 performance measures for evaluation, taken from various academic and industry sources. The paper also shows several important dynamics which contribute to IPO’s success and offers suggestions to improve the orchestra’s board performance in a few weak areas. Analysis A group is formed by having two or more freely interacting individuals and has collective norms, collectiveRead MoreMotivation, Stress and Communication: A Personal Analysis1822 Words   |  7 PagesMotivation, Stress and Communication: A Personal Analysis Job Description Registered Nurses (RN) are one of the most high demand positions in the hospital setting. The Registered Nurse performs many essential patient functions and is an important member of the care team. RNs work directly with patients and their families. They are a primary contact point between the patient and their health care team. Their duties include: patient evaluations monitoring and tracking vital signs performingRead MoreHuman Resources Management Is Where Everything Begins And Ends For An Individual Organization819 Words   |  4 Pagesinitiated. Examples of these processes are: planning, communication, motivation, code of ethics, decisions, forecasting, total compensation, diversity, discrimination, records, rights protection, leadership, career development, training, hiring, performance appraisal, equal employment opportunity, empowerment, promotion, recruitment. Human resources management also, sets strategic processes and procedures, run difficult and complex communication as they attract the best talents for an organizationRead MoreInterpersonal Communication And The Workplace946 Words   |  4 PagesInterpersonal communication in the workplace is developed positively or negatively on the individual relationships we have combined with our human behaviors and human actions within each of those relationships. There are many things that can affect interpersonal communicatio ns within the workplace, from generational that create technological gaps, to diversity and tolerance it creates, and finally the type of workplace, is it a team environment encouraging inclusiveness within the organization orRead More Performance Management Essays1369 Words   |  6 PagesPerformance Management The performance management process provides an opportunity for the employees and managers to discuss goals and develop plans for achieving those goals. Therefore, communication involve between managers and employees that they have to identify job roles and functions related to the company objectives. They get together to devise some performance appraisals to enhance the company overall performance. The performance manager responsible for supervising workforce andRead MoreCorrelation Between Safety Needs And Motivation789 Words   |  4 Pagesbasis. When leaders are getting input form the employees, everyone is more engaged, and it has a positive effect on the psychological well-being of others (Rosnow, 2013). Another strategy option is effective communication. Communication enhancement improves the health of the organization because it produces increased financial performance, and employee engagement. Furthermore, communication plays a strong role in product development, customer relations, employee management and every facet in thisRead MoreTaking a Look at Emotional Intelligence1524 Words   |  6 PagesEmotional intelligence: Modern organizations are confronted with demands and pressure is growing consistently cost -effective education leadership, continues to intrigue researchers and practitioners. Considerable amount of research and attention to emotional intelligence and life, personality, social interaction, teamwork, education and leadership to identify links between social satisfactions has been paid. Today increasingly complex and changing world, researcher’s emphasized need for the new

United Nations Role in Peace and Security Free Essays

As we all know the UNO is an international organization of almost 192 member countries of the world and was founded – rather replaced by the League of Nations some 63 years back in October 24,1945 in San Francisco, California, shortly after World War -II. No doubt the tragedy, bloodshed, massacre, hunger and nuclear atrocities by the USA gave alarming feelings to the nations to freeing the world from the possibility of wars in future. However, its successes and failures in achieving this objective are still debatable. We will write a custom essay sample on United Nations Role in Peace and Security or any similar topic only for you Order Now The UNO as stated above is a renewed precursor body of the League of Nations. So before reviewing the UNO’s functions, it will be worthwhile to look into the history of the League as the new generation is not much aware of its role. LEAGUE OF NATIONS The League was founded after the devastation, slaughter, disaster and atrocities of the world war-I. It was also an international organization set up in accordance with the Treaty of Versailles in 1919-20 with only 58 members. Its major goal consisted of disarmament, prevention of war and settling disputes between the countries. The harbinger of setting up this organization was the United States President Mr. Woodrow Wilson. But surprisingly the Senate of his own country refused to become its member which was, no doubt, a serious blow to the prestige of the League. However, other great powers like the United Kingdom and France remained its members. It was to fulfil the dream of fundamental shift in the thought from the preceding centuries. Unlike the UNO,the League did not have its own armed forces and was dependent on the great powers to enforce its resolutions and peace-making struggles. It could not enforce its three sanctions as envisaged under its covenant. Therefore after,no doubt, a few notable successes, the following failures resulted in its replacement by the United Nations:- 1. In 1931 Japan invaded Manchuria but no effective sanction was imposed on the aggressor. 2. In 1935,Italy attacked Abyssinia but none of the great powers took any notice of it. . 3. Germany was not allowed to join the League in 1919 as it had started the war. 4. Russia was also denied its membership in 1917 being a communist government to pose fear in Western Europe. Eventually these three most powerful countries could not play their positive role in supporting the league. This sort of plight has been stated by Mussolini in a sarcaustic manner as under: â€Å"The League is very well when sparrows shout, but no good at all when eagles fall out† So the League after the end of the first world war was replaced by the UNO in 1945 having remained in existence from 1919 to 1945. THE UNITED NATIONS ORGANISATION After the closure of the League of Nations, the UNO was established on 24th October,1945 but its first General Assembly comprising 51 member countries was held on 10th January,1946 in London. One can well assess that the brunts and tragedies of both the world wars gave a fillip to the idea of revamping the body of the League to play more effective role anew to restore peace and harmony amongst the states. This idea was elaborated in the Declarations signed during war time conferences held in Moscow and Tehran in 1943. Mr. Franklin D. Roosevelt, the President of the USA proposed its name as UNITED NATIONS. Its charter was drafted by the governments as well as non-government organizations like Lion Club International. To start with 51 nations signed the charter of the United Nations. The charter was later ratified by five permanent members of the Security Council viz: USA, UK, France and China, followed by a majority of the other 40 signatories. As a result of the unanimous votes by the U. S. Senate and the House of Representatives, the UNO’s Headquarter were made in the United States. Accordingly U. N. Headquarters building was constructed in New York city in 1949 and 1950 beside the East River on the land purchased by an 8. million dollars donation from John D. Rockefeller. The land is now considered international territory but apart from some diplomatic privileges and immunities, the laws of the New York city,New York state and the U. S. in general do apply. The UNO is supported by some other organizations like the Security Council, UNICEF, WHO, UNESCO and a few more to resolve conflicts and to maintain peace in the world as well as to eliminate illiteracy, poverty, hunger and to enhance respect for human rights. PAKISTAN’S ROLE IN THE UNO. Pakistan is proud to play its role in the peace-keeping missions of the United Nations. Pakistan became its member on 30th September,1947 i. e. just after one month’s creation of it on the world map as a new country. Since 1960, Pakistan is enthusiastically performing its responsibility in the U. N. peace-keeping missions with over ten thousand troops and observers. Currently Pakistan’s involvement in restoring peace in Somalia, Sierra Leon, Bosnia, Congo, Liberia and East Temore have been commended not by the UNO but the world at large. No other country including any muslim state has been that active to contribute this sort of role in the United Nations. This speaks of the valour and vividity of our armed forces on the global impact. Conclusion The first decade of the 21st century is going to complete with both hope and distress co-existing side by side. Peace and development and concept of democracy and equality are still missing in many parts of the world despite our trumpeted slogan of world getting into a global village. No doubt the globalization has drawn countries closer and closer with reference to their economic relationship, advanced means of communications and regional cooperation etc. But these developments are posing some alarming questions to the general public like local wars, revolutions and conflicts coming up from time to time. The Iraq war and situation between Israel and Palestine witnessing tragedies every day. Similarly wars in Africa entangled with poverty and diseases are still continuing. As a matter of fact after the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan on 6th and 8th August,1945, the possession of nuclear device by some countries created a sense of self-protection and safety. In this way the dream of peace and harmony in the world does not seem to be converted into the reality in the near future. But we are not that pessimist because the UNO is undoubtedly a microcosm of the world and despite so many reservations politically, its role in promoting disarmament for a safer future to the posterity cannot be denied. In the global concept its importance and necessity is gaining momentum day by day. It is now the most acclaimed universal representative and authoritative organization with 192 member countries in its present set up and we do hope that it will progress more in the time to come. Those countries who have not become its members so far, should also come forward to strengthen the UNO in general and the present Secretary General Mr. Ban Ki-moon In particular. How to cite United Nations Role in Peace and Security, Papers

Language Learnability and Language Development

Question: Discuss about the Language Learnability and Language Development. Answer: Introduction: Language refers to an essential means of communication with a massive adaptive value. In the past decades, debates have been held about the key processes involved in language accusation. Elaborating child language acquisition has been an exciting and controversial endeavor as one of the most important cognitive achievement in infancy and childhood that serve almost all psychological, communicative and social ability. To a larger extent, the ability of a human to acquire language has been discovered to be innate. There are different theories of language acquisition which have evolved and been discussed over time. They include the behaviorist theory, nativist or innateness theory, and integrationist theory. In behaviorist theory, B.F Skinner argued that environmental factors dictate language development. On the other hand, Chomskys theory of Innateness emphasized on biological determinism. The paper evaluates the nativist theory of language acquisition accompanied by other theories. Chomsky believed that the acquisition of language was accountable to the innate human nature. Here he challenged the behaviorist theory to move from behavior and empiric to rationalism and cognitive (Chomsky 2014). As such, his argument was to look at approaches hat sought to determine the relationship between an organism-environment and its behavior. To him, infants and children easily learn the language at speed the behaviorist theory does not explain. There are a countless number of sentences in a language and would be unreasonable for a child to learn language by imitation. Therefore, to Chomsky, a child is born with a language acquisition device that allows him or her to acquire grammar of the surrounding language. A child has an innate idea of universal grammar which allows them to put together words to make sentences that are new to them. They learn rules of language, and in their way, they apply them. His thoughts are detailed persuasive and inspiring in the school of linguistic and philosophy. As the language in children cannot be learnt through imitation, Chomsky argued that language is not dependent on cognitive processes. It is rather acquired when the child is incapable of challenging intellectual achievements. For instance, such a language as English, an end is added on some of the verbs on their past tense. More often than not, children apply the rule on all words producing incorrect verbs. Since children are not likely to imitate something they have not heard, Chomsky found this mistakes being inconsistent with Skinner as he emphasized on imitation. Children therefore only learn rules of language and not any given verbal response as Skinner viewed it. According to Skinner, behaviorist approach, the learning of language by children is the same as the ay children learn everything else (Lawrence, C.D., 2008). Through established principles of conditioning, imitation, and reinforcement. The behaviorists believe that by controlling reinforcement adults encourage the youn g ones to learn the right pronunciation and meaning of words. Thus, the language exposure alone cannot guarantee grammar to the children. Additional, the innate structure provides children with assistance to language. Nature equipped human with Language Acquisition Device (LAD) which facilitated the learning of language. The nativists argued that the same way that a bird learns to fly is the same way that human learns the language. They saw the biological equipment responsible for this. The biological structure consists of the brain and neural wiring that enhances the preparedness of discriminating phonemes and acquire morphemes and rules of syntax. In his work, Chomsky (2014) replaced Language Acquisition Device (LAD) with the idea of Universal Grammar (UG). These are universal principles which dictate the form of any human language and the parameter that determine the highly restricted variation between languages. Following the argument that language grows rather than being learned. The behaviorist theory stipulated that there is a discrepancy between grammatical knowledge that the child had to acquire and the unclea r nature of the phonetic strings which the child hears. Thus an innately directed discovery procedure had to be there. Also, the poverty of the stimulus argued that the search space of the child must be restricted or his discovery of grammar become inconceivable in a short period. On the other hand, Chomsky argued that language grows in a child and he challenged the evidence of degeneracy with the characteristics of Child-Directed Speech and how competence grew with time filtered its performance. The growing complexity and development of language raised questions. Being a slow process, it is full errors and so what takes it long to set the parameters? What determines its sequence in language acquisition? This is explained by the continuity hypothesis which says that at birth, all parameters and principles are available but cannot be used immediately after birth as they consider other factors. For instance, with the different categories, a child has to identify the words belonging to the different categories and use them in a sentence through memory (Clahsen, 2007). Secondly, the development sequence accounts its hypothesis to the consequence of neurological maturation. Despite having the innate nature, children do not face all their innate knowledge immediately, but rather it grows gradually. Parameters become structured, and their setting follows a certain ordered path such that the setting one parameter is dependent on the prior set parameter. The continuity hypothesis conc ludes assumes that adult grammar is predefined and therefore the child has to make critical decisions affected by the parameter setting, but childs language is similar to that of the adult. Interestingly, it is assumed that the grammatical knowledge of a child lacks important pieces of information which are acquired as maturation occurs. Following his view, Chomsky, there is a defined critical period of hypothesis which language acquisition happens. An adult learner is expected to employ general learning mechanism not intended for language acquisition. Creolization explains the innateness of language among the deaf. It uses the example of deaf inhabitants of Nicaragua where there was no education and the official sign language till 1986. At the past, certain age children had no problem acquiring language. Language experts noticed that the younger children had no problem making use of unfamiliar gestures as a way of communicating. This problem was solved they sought recommendations from an American linguist (Judy Kegl) from MIT. She disclosed that their sign language had its syntax. Surprisingly, it is a challenge for the adults to learn syntax if they had never acquired any language (Chomsky, N., 2014).For instance, in Hawaii, Bickerton's investigated immigrant where he found out that they had an incorrect pidgin language. Their language was characterized by basic syntactical characteristics of their mother language. On the other hand, nativist uses the evolution of language to describe how language developed. Derck Bickerton's suggest that through a single mutation, a connection was formed that later evolved into a complete language. The evolution of language challenges the behaviorist theory by describing a different operant conditioning known as derived relational responding that takes place on human and possesses a capacity for language. Research further shows how children learn language acquisition through fundamental reinforcement and not on cognitive capacity or innate predisposition. The reason Chomsky believed that children had an innate capacity for learning a language is that to them; language acquisition was quick and effortless. The skill grows in a short time, and so he believes they have an inbuilt capacity. Also, language development has the tendency of unfolding at the same pace for almost all the children. Despite being reared I different environments. There are different factors for the acquisition of language. The necessary condition and the sufficient conditions. Environment factors focus on the impact of environment on language, innate and cognitive processes. Just like the behaviorist theory, Chomsky work has also been criticized. The Interactionist theory makes reference to the fact that both biology and experience contribute to the overall language acquisition in both infants and adults. Reference is made to the learning, and cognitive processes in a child growing up in a native homestead whose progress in learning a native language are evidently faster than that of an adult foreign national trying to learn the same language. The theory, therefore, can be found at fault with evidence supporting the fact that the neural circuits supporting language learning are not prewired but rather they emerge progressively as on interacts with the new language. (Larsen-Freeman, 2011)Opine that the gradual changes in the Connectionist Network that underpin language acquisition and skills are more responsible for the acquisition of that language itself more than the nativist theory of language acquisition. It is imperative to state at this point that b oth the social factors and environmental factors contribute to the wholesome acquisition of language development in both children and adults. The theory by Chomsky has proved to consist of more strict binary branches and complex components that it appears empty and inapplicable. Tapping into the immense potential of humans in the strength of natural selection, imitation, and the genetic predisposition giving humans the ability to acquire language rules opened by nativists, the interactionist theory finds its strong grounding that it is as a result of interacting with all these dimensions that language is learned and enhanced. It is Chomskys approach to the process of learning a language that the genetic predisposition contributes a great art in the said acquisition. There is numerous basis to support this, in fact that is easy for a native Mexica will be able to learn the Mexican dialect with more ease than a Mexican American who in their young adult life wishes to learn the dialect. It is evident that the nativist rationale presents a more enabling environment for the young Mexican to master the language with more ease as compared to a learner Mexican young adult. Naturally and by genetic predisposition, it is far easier for one to learn a language of their origin with precision and a little effort and this makes the Chomskys Naturalist theory both substantive and definitive of the process of language acquisition. Chomskys finding that language acquisition device (LAD) is more an intrinsic nature of man to acquire language for use in their day to day living (Chomsky 2007). His justification derives from the ease with which a child will learn the language within a short span of time with least effort, yet it becomes a little complex for an adult to master the same language. Scientifically, with the rapid and spontaneous multiplication of cells in babies brains cannot alone be the reason for their ability to learn the language within such a short time. The tendency to grasp a language within similar timelines is also a matter that has its strength adding to Chomskys theory. It can only suffice to say that there is something more innate that allo ws for such a cross-cutting phenomenon. The finding is that biological maturation as opposed to personal experience and environmental factors. Behavioral scientists have come out to support this that there is a tendency of similarity in the growth patterns of children across the world characterized by an innate ability learn and acquire language In his work, Chomsky gives a series of basic assumptions with behavioral and other experimental schools of thoughts. Organisms are in natural essence endowed with the desire to acquire language and do not, for instance, learn a language just for the sake of it, but that it enables them to perform basic functions. He equates the need for birds to fly to the need for human beings to communicate. He puts in an effort towards this end challenging the verbal behavior influenced by idiosyncratic history and particular experiences of the speaker. His works are to the effect that the language of communication between human beings is characterized by the various formations of the elements in the brain that bring about speech comprehension and production. He calls this Universal Grammar.His assumption of a metal system he refers to as Universal Grammar he acknowledges that can be met by criticism and this, in essence, makes him agree in part that it is a result of some general purpose reinforcement mechanism as also implied by interactionists. In acknowledging this, he relates the formation of cells in the brain to that of cells in other parts of the nervous system and found it befitting to note that there also exists the probability that certain cell formations favor the existence of a universal grammar somewhere in the mind of humans. This discussion though placed neither here nor there as put by some philosophers to face him of not indicating the characters he alludes. For instance belief, mind and purpose are found, especial ly here he deviates from that pursuit and generalizing it as properties of the nervous system. It has not come out clearly as yet, the actualization of his propositions. Chomsky (2014) says that a language is a set of infinite sentences each with infinite length and constructed out of a finite set of elements. He proposes both formal and informal language patterns and proceeds to label them as; informal constituting what I agreed upon to be a sentence provided, they are not faced with the problem of memory or time, and formal for that which is agreed to constitute grammatical rules formulated by the linguist. Also, one would argue for a genetically set grammar. The terminological matter is irreverent to evaluate the element of Chomsky position, especially in his argument that there is an innate language module. His unit of analysis and data in his work have been seen to be judgmental. As the children develop their language, he states that their sentences are not well-formed. Here he has little concern about the inflexible rule of grammar, for example, the right use of the objective case but with regulative of in a language that is respected by native utterers without formal training (Larsen-Freeman, 2011). Further, children make a lot of mistakes in their language learning but do not assume until rectified. In most cases, there is no relevant evidence for the English speakers just like there is no traditional grammar. In a similar situation, the problem is raised in the use of questions. There are general principals if Chomsky structure of language is analyzed that are violated (Drnyei, 2009). For instance, the principle of reciprocal expression with each other as an example might not refer to antecedent outside the clause which occurs if the latter happens to the subject of an infinitive. Little in respect to this principle is provided to the children, but they easily learn to follow this formal instruction. Also, in the theory of learning, nobody has proposed or given an explanation on these principles, and thus Chomsky assumes that essential elements of the grammar of a human language must, therefore, be expressed in the gen etic code. Further, he suggests that Universal Grammar has the basic principles that are common to all human languages and limits particular grammars which can be acquired. In conclusion, there are different theories that have been used to describe the process of language Acquisition development among them being behaviorist theory, nativist, and interactionists. The fundamental strategies in behaviorist theory are reinforcement, imitation and rewarding. Nativist, on the other hand, view the process of language learning as innate with the similar universal principal. The interactionist believes that language acquisition is similar to child experiences and cognitive development. References Ambridge, B. and Lieven, E.V., 2011. Child language acquisition: Contrasting theoretical approaches. Cambridge University Press. Chapelle, C.A., 2009. The relationship between second language acquisition theory and computer?assisted language learning. The Modern Language Journal, 93(s1), pp.741-753. Chater, N. and Christiansen, M.H., 2010. Language acquisition meets language evolution. Cognitive Science, 34(7), pp.1131-1157. Cook, V. and Newson, M., 2014. Chomsky's universal grammar. John Wiley Sons. Couloumbis, T.A. and Kentikelenis, A.E., 2007. GreekTurkish relations and the Kantian democratic peace theory. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 7(4), pp.517-532. Chomsky, N., 2007. Approaching UG from below. Interfaces+ recursion= language, 89, pp.1-30. Chomsky, N., 2007. Of minds and language. Biolinguistics, 1, pp.009-027. Chomsky, N., 2014. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax (Vol. 11). MIT press. Cowie, F., 2008. Innateness and language. Drnyei, Z., 2009. The psychology of second language acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Harley, T.A., 2013. The psychology of language: From data to theory. Psychology press. Hoff, E., 2013. Language development. Cengage Learning. Kirby, S., Dowman, M. and Griffiths, T.L., 2007. Innateness and culture in the evolution of language. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(12), pp.5241-5245. Kuhl, P.K., 2010. Brain mechanisms in early language acquisition. Neuron, 67(5), pp.713-727. LARSENFREEMAN, D.I.A.N.E., 2007. Reflecting on the cognitivesocial debate in second language acquisition. The Modern Language Journal, 91(s1), pp.773-787. Larsen-Freeman, D., 2011. A complexity theory approach to second language development/acquisition. Alternative approaches to second language acquisition, 4872. Larsen-Freeman, D. and Long, M.H., 2014. An introduction to second language acquisition research. Routledge. Lawrence, C.D., 2008. English Oral Language Usage of Caregivers in Selected Orphanages of Eastern India: A Phenomenological Study (Doctoral dissertation, University of Alabama at Birmingham). Mitchell, R., Myles, F. and Marsden, E., 2013. Second language learning theories. Routledge. Pinker, S., 2009. Language learnability and language development, with new commentary by the author (Vol. 7). Harvard University Press. Richards, J.C. and Rodgers, T.S., 2014. Approaches and methods in language teaching. Cambridge university press.

International Business Zara- Free solution with case study

Questions: 1. How does Zara's advantage travel globally? Explain what features of Zara travel well and which ones do not. Analyze / discuss. 2. What do you think of Zara's past international strategy? Evaluate its past strategy for Product (market selection), its mode of entry (e.g. franchising, etc) and its standardization of marketing approach. 3. What is the best way to grow the Zara chain internationally? Where do you think (what region) would make most sense? Answers: Introduction Zara is one of the biggest retail chain in the worlds fashion industry. Indixt group from North West Spain owns the business. Some of the worlds famous brands are owned by the company. These include Pull Bear, Massimo Dutti, Oysho, Stradivarius, Uterque, and Bershka. Zara was first opened in 1975. They had been one of the most successful brands in the world having innovation at its core. The production line of Zara is not outsourced to low-cost countries to ensure authenticity in designs and productions. Many other companies in this segment do outsource there production to low cost countries. Zara is not very fond of advertising there brand. Instead they open new stores in different locations. Zara has always been known for the efficient customer support and effective supply chain they have in place. Their main focus lies upon the loyal customer. 1. How does Zara's advantage travel globally? Explain what features of Zara travel well and which ones do not. Analyze / discuss. Zaras promotion strategy both for domestic and the foreign market is same where at the start of the sales or when new store is made, then advertisement campaigns are held. Zara uses its store and its customers as its main promotional tools. Prices are set centrally with Spain as the core center and other international market as destination. Spain has least prices and prices of the international store varies as per the distribution cost associated with the overall value chain. Store location has always been a critical factor both for domestic as well as international market. Zara (Vertica, 2011) uses prime locations as their priorities for establishing a store. Opening up of stores at prime location are decided as per the overall analysis of the local environment where opportunity persist for the company so as to achieve maximum profitability at the end. Professional store decorators are used to prototype the interior design and shop window display centrally and then replicated intern ationally. Zara standardizes important strategic component such as window display, location, store layout, interior design, store display rotation, information systems, customer service and logistics. To suit the local preferences rest of the items are synchronized accordingly. 2. What do you think of Zara's past international strategy? Evaluate its past strategy for Product (market selection), its mode of entry (e.g. franchising, etc.) and its standardization of marketing approach. Zara follows three theories when one is talking about internationalization (Carmen, 2009). Uppsala internationalization model, Transaction cost analysis model, and the network model. First one which is Uppsala internationalization model (Hongjoo, 2014) says that a firm using the experience gained over time intensifies the commitment towards the international market (Andrea, 2013). With time and experience in a particular area, one tends to spread the business in that area locally first and then globally as per the capacity of the business expands. Foreign market have similar features in this case to the local territory. Similar feature can be said to be language, political system and culture. Firstly sporadic exports are been followed with no exports in the initial period. Secondly independent representatives do the export. Then foreign sales subsidiary are established. This model requires a four step model stated above. Zara started its business in 1975 when it opened its first store in Spain. Zara started off with opening stores in highly populated regions. They always tried to cover the territories they were working in and in 1988 went search for other international opportunities. They used their experience to learn and grow and to expand in the country and then to the foreign market. Their initial destination was Portugal because of its cultural and geographical similarity with Spain with some changes in the existing business model. Countries with less geographic distance were identified and new stores were opened there spreading all over the country. Then a new store was opened in Northern Europe particularly in Paris which is also called capital of fashion. Then they went to Mexico then to South American market. By overcoming the psychic and geographical distances, Zara expended in eight countries of Europe with the help of European Union. Then they changed the theme country of theirs to coinci de with the Australian and Middle East Culture. Zara readily followed the oil stain strategy by dominating over one place and spreading across similar to an oil stain on water. Zara opened its first social flagship store to get information about the industry and equipping the required expertise for which it opened the store in a strategic area. This expertise and experience helped the company to expand in the country. In European countries where the cultural and geographical distance is very low, Zara did direct investment using hierarchical model and used intermediate to enter the countries using joint ventures and franchises. In countries like India Zara used local agent like Tata to enter the market of the country. This overall strategy seems similar to the Uppsala internationalization model where Zara established there grounds in different countries going through the four stages. They outsourced some of the products instead of going to foreign manufacturing plant to be cost effective. 3. What is the best way to grow the Zara chain internationally? Where do you think (what region) would make most sense? Zara uses multi brand store strategy which has both advantages and disadvantages for the company. Zara (Viswanadham, 2012) has multiple brands under its roof like Zara Kids, Pull Bear, Massimo Dutti, Oysho, Stradivarius, Uterque, and Bershka. Zara followed an ethnocentric orientation during the early stages of internationalization where subsidiary companies of Zara had to be a replication of the existing Spanish stores. This approach however landed Zara into many difficulties due to the vast difference in the culture which is why Zara decided to now think on geographic front as well thereby allowing the company to use local solutions for the expansion of company rather than mere replicating the existing business model. One can see a homogeneous mix of products for the global market by Zara. It makes adjustments in the existing marketing mix hen it is expanding to different culture location. For example some of the garments werent allowed to be sold in Arab nations, vast different in customer sizes in Asian countries, different season as compared to other in the southern hemisphere. Zara is one of the biggest retail chain in the worlds fashion industry. It has transformed itself from a local Spanish brand to a globally recognized fashion brand within just 30 years (Rupal, 2013). References Andrea Runfola, Simone Guercini, (2013) "Fast fashion companies coping with internationalization: driving the change or changing the model?", Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal, Vol. 17 Iss: 2, pp.190 - 205 Carmen Lopez, Ying Fan, Brunel Business School , 2009, "INTERNATIONALISATION OF THE SPANISH FASHION BRAND ZARA ", Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management (2009), 13:2, 279-296 Hongjoo Woo , Byoungho Jin, 2014, "Asian apparel brands Internationalization: the application of theories to the cases of Giordano and Uniqlo", Youngone N. Viswanadham, 2012, ZARA-Fast Fashion, Ecosystem Aware Global Supply Chain Management, https://14.139.160.15/courses/110108056/module1/Lecture03.pdf Rupal Parekh, 2013, "How Zara Ballooned Into a Multi-Billion Dollar Brand Without Advertising", Advertizing Age, https://adage.com/article/cmo-strategy/zara-grew-a-multi-billion-dollar-brand-sans-ads/243730/ Vertica Bhardwaj, Megan Eickman Rodney C. Runyan, 2011, "A case study on the internationalization process of a born-global fashion retailer", The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, Volume 21, Issue 3, 2011.