Language Learnability and Language Development

Question: Discuss about the Language Learnability and Language Development. Answer: Introduction: Language refers to an essential means of communication with a massive adaptive value. In the past decades, debates have been held about the key processes involved in language accusation. Elaborating child language acquisition has been an exciting and controversial endeavor as one of the most important cognitive achievement in infancy and childhood that serve almost all psychological, communicative and social ability. To a larger extent, the ability of a human to acquire language has been discovered to be innate. There are different theories of language acquisition which have evolved and been discussed over time. They include the behaviorist theory, nativist or innateness theory, and integrationist theory. In behaviorist theory, B.F Skinner argued that environmental factors dictate language development. On the other hand, Chomskys theory of Innateness emphasized on biological determinism. The paper evaluates the nativist theory of language acquisition accompanied by other theories. Chomsky believed that the acquisition of language was accountable to the innate human nature. Here he challenged the behaviorist theory to move from behavior and empiric to rationalism and cognitive (Chomsky 2014). As such, his argument was to look at approaches hat sought to determine the relationship between an organism-environment and its behavior. To him, infants and children easily learn the language at speed the behaviorist theory does not explain. There are a countless number of sentences in a language and would be unreasonable for a child to learn language by imitation. Therefore, to Chomsky, a child is born with a language acquisition device that allows him or her to acquire grammar of the surrounding language. A child has an innate idea of universal grammar which allows them to put together words to make sentences that are new to them. They learn rules of language, and in their way, they apply them. His thoughts are detailed persuasive and inspiring in the school of linguistic and philosophy. As the language in children cannot be learnt through imitation, Chomsky argued that language is not dependent on cognitive processes. It is rather acquired when the child is incapable of challenging intellectual achievements. For instance, such a language as English, an end is added on some of the verbs on their past tense. More often than not, children apply the rule on all words producing incorrect verbs. Since children are not likely to imitate something they have not heard, Chomsky found this mistakes being inconsistent with Skinner as he emphasized on imitation. Children therefore only learn rules of language and not any given verbal response as Skinner viewed it. According to Skinner, behaviorist approach, the learning of language by children is the same as the ay children learn everything else (Lawrence, C.D., 2008). Through established principles of conditioning, imitation, and reinforcement. The behaviorists believe that by controlling reinforcement adults encourage the youn g ones to learn the right pronunciation and meaning of words. Thus, the language exposure alone cannot guarantee grammar to the children. Additional, the innate structure provides children with assistance to language. Nature equipped human with Language Acquisition Device (LAD) which facilitated the learning of language. The nativists argued that the same way that a bird learns to fly is the same way that human learns the language. They saw the biological equipment responsible for this. The biological structure consists of the brain and neural wiring that enhances the preparedness of discriminating phonemes and acquire morphemes and rules of syntax. In his work, Chomsky (2014) replaced Language Acquisition Device (LAD) with the idea of Universal Grammar (UG). These are universal principles which dictate the form of any human language and the parameter that determine the highly restricted variation between languages. Following the argument that language grows rather than being learned. The behaviorist theory stipulated that there is a discrepancy between grammatical knowledge that the child had to acquire and the unclea r nature of the phonetic strings which the child hears. Thus an innately directed discovery procedure had to be there. Also, the poverty of the stimulus argued that the search space of the child must be restricted or his discovery of grammar become inconceivable in a short period. On the other hand, Chomsky argued that language grows in a child and he challenged the evidence of degeneracy with the characteristics of Child-Directed Speech and how competence grew with time filtered its performance. The growing complexity and development of language raised questions. Being a slow process, it is full errors and so what takes it long to set the parameters? What determines its sequence in language acquisition? This is explained by the continuity hypothesis which says that at birth, all parameters and principles are available but cannot be used immediately after birth as they consider other factors. For instance, with the different categories, a child has to identify the words belonging to the different categories and use them in a sentence through memory (Clahsen, 2007). Secondly, the development sequence accounts its hypothesis to the consequence of neurological maturation. Despite having the innate nature, children do not face all their innate knowledge immediately, but rather it grows gradually. Parameters become structured, and their setting follows a certain ordered path such that the setting one parameter is dependent on the prior set parameter. The continuity hypothesis conc ludes assumes that adult grammar is predefined and therefore the child has to make critical decisions affected by the parameter setting, but childs language is similar to that of the adult. Interestingly, it is assumed that the grammatical knowledge of a child lacks important pieces of information which are acquired as maturation occurs. Following his view, Chomsky, there is a defined critical period of hypothesis which language acquisition happens. An adult learner is expected to employ general learning mechanism not intended for language acquisition. Creolization explains the innateness of language among the deaf. It uses the example of deaf inhabitants of Nicaragua where there was no education and the official sign language till 1986. At the past, certain age children had no problem acquiring language. Language experts noticed that the younger children had no problem making use of unfamiliar gestures as a way of communicating. This problem was solved they sought recommendations from an American linguist (Judy Kegl) from MIT. She disclosed that their sign language had its syntax. Surprisingly, it is a challenge for the adults to learn syntax if they had never acquired any language (Chomsky, N., 2014).For instance, in Hawaii, Bickerton's investigated immigrant where he found out that they had an incorrect pidgin language. Their language was characterized by basic syntactical characteristics of their mother language. On the other hand, nativist uses the evolution of language to describe how language developed. Derck Bickerton's suggest that through a single mutation, a connection was formed that later evolved into a complete language. The evolution of language challenges the behaviorist theory by describing a different operant conditioning known as derived relational responding that takes place on human and possesses a capacity for language. Research further shows how children learn language acquisition through fundamental reinforcement and not on cognitive capacity or innate predisposition. The reason Chomsky believed that children had an innate capacity for learning a language is that to them; language acquisition was quick and effortless. The skill grows in a short time, and so he believes they have an inbuilt capacity. Also, language development has the tendency of unfolding at the same pace for almost all the children. Despite being reared I different environments. There are different factors for the acquisition of language. The necessary condition and the sufficient conditions. Environment factors focus on the impact of environment on language, innate and cognitive processes. Just like the behaviorist theory, Chomsky work has also been criticized. The Interactionist theory makes reference to the fact that both biology and experience contribute to the overall language acquisition in both infants and adults. Reference is made to the learning, and cognitive processes in a child growing up in a native homestead whose progress in learning a native language are evidently faster than that of an adult foreign national trying to learn the same language. The theory, therefore, can be found at fault with evidence supporting the fact that the neural circuits supporting language learning are not prewired but rather they emerge progressively as on interacts with the new language. (Larsen-Freeman, 2011)Opine that the gradual changes in the Connectionist Network that underpin language acquisition and skills are more responsible for the acquisition of that language itself more than the nativist theory of language acquisition. It is imperative to state at this point that b oth the social factors and environmental factors contribute to the wholesome acquisition of language development in both children and adults. The theory by Chomsky has proved to consist of more strict binary branches and complex components that it appears empty and inapplicable. Tapping into the immense potential of humans in the strength of natural selection, imitation, and the genetic predisposition giving humans the ability to acquire language rules opened by nativists, the interactionist theory finds its strong grounding that it is as a result of interacting with all these dimensions that language is learned and enhanced. It is Chomskys approach to the process of learning a language that the genetic predisposition contributes a great art in the said acquisition. There is numerous basis to support this, in fact that is easy for a native Mexica will be able to learn the Mexican dialect with more ease than a Mexican American who in their young adult life wishes to learn the dialect. It is evident that the nativist rationale presents a more enabling environment for the young Mexican to master the language with more ease as compared to a learner Mexican young adult. Naturally and by genetic predisposition, it is far easier for one to learn a language of their origin with precision and a little effort and this makes the Chomskys Naturalist theory both substantive and definitive of the process of language acquisition. Chomskys finding that language acquisition device (LAD) is more an intrinsic nature of man to acquire language for use in their day to day living (Chomsky 2007). His justification derives from the ease with which a child will learn the language within a short span of time with least effort, yet it becomes a little complex for an adult to master the same language. Scientifically, with the rapid and spontaneous multiplication of cells in babies brains cannot alone be the reason for their ability to learn the language within such a short time. The tendency to grasp a language within similar timelines is also a matter that has its strength adding to Chomskys theory. It can only suffice to say that there is something more innate that allo ws for such a cross-cutting phenomenon. The finding is that biological maturation as opposed to personal experience and environmental factors. Behavioral scientists have come out to support this that there is a tendency of similarity in the growth patterns of children across the world characterized by an innate ability learn and acquire language In his work, Chomsky gives a series of basic assumptions with behavioral and other experimental schools of thoughts. Organisms are in natural essence endowed with the desire to acquire language and do not, for instance, learn a language just for the sake of it, but that it enables them to perform basic functions. He equates the need for birds to fly to the need for human beings to communicate. He puts in an effort towards this end challenging the verbal behavior influenced by idiosyncratic history and particular experiences of the speaker. His works are to the effect that the language of communication between human beings is characterized by the various formations of the elements in the brain that bring about speech comprehension and production. He calls this Universal Grammar.His assumption of a metal system he refers to as Universal Grammar he acknowledges that can be met by criticism and this, in essence, makes him agree in part that it is a result of some general purpose reinforcement mechanism as also implied by interactionists. In acknowledging this, he relates the formation of cells in the brain to that of cells in other parts of the nervous system and found it befitting to note that there also exists the probability that certain cell formations favor the existence of a universal grammar somewhere in the mind of humans. This discussion though placed neither here nor there as put by some philosophers to face him of not indicating the characters he alludes. For instance belief, mind and purpose are found, especial ly here he deviates from that pursuit and generalizing it as properties of the nervous system. It has not come out clearly as yet, the actualization of his propositions. Chomsky (2014) says that a language is a set of infinite sentences each with infinite length and constructed out of a finite set of elements. He proposes both formal and informal language patterns and proceeds to label them as; informal constituting what I agreed upon to be a sentence provided, they are not faced with the problem of memory or time, and formal for that which is agreed to constitute grammatical rules formulated by the linguist. Also, one would argue for a genetically set grammar. The terminological matter is irreverent to evaluate the element of Chomsky position, especially in his argument that there is an innate language module. His unit of analysis and data in his work have been seen to be judgmental. As the children develop their language, he states that their sentences are not well-formed. Here he has little concern about the inflexible rule of grammar, for example, the right use of the objective case but with regulative of in a language that is respected by native utterers without formal training (Larsen-Freeman, 2011). Further, children make a lot of mistakes in their language learning but do not assume until rectified. In most cases, there is no relevant evidence for the English speakers just like there is no traditional grammar. In a similar situation, the problem is raised in the use of questions. There are general principals if Chomsky structure of language is analyzed that are violated (Drnyei, 2009). For instance, the principle of reciprocal expression with each other as an example might not refer to antecedent outside the clause which occurs if the latter happens to the subject of an infinitive. Little in respect to this principle is provided to the children, but they easily learn to follow this formal instruction. Also, in the theory of learning, nobody has proposed or given an explanation on these principles, and thus Chomsky assumes that essential elements of the grammar of a human language must, therefore, be expressed in the gen etic code. Further, he suggests that Universal Grammar has the basic principles that are common to all human languages and limits particular grammars which can be acquired. In conclusion, there are different theories that have been used to describe the process of language Acquisition development among them being behaviorist theory, nativist, and interactionists. The fundamental strategies in behaviorist theory are reinforcement, imitation and rewarding. Nativist, on the other hand, view the process of language learning as innate with the similar universal principal. The interactionist believes that language acquisition is similar to child experiences and cognitive development. References Ambridge, B. and Lieven, E.V., 2011. Child language acquisition: Contrasting theoretical approaches. Cambridge University Press. Chapelle, C.A., 2009. The relationship between second language acquisition theory and computer?assisted language learning. The Modern Language Journal, 93(s1), pp.741-753. Chater, N. and Christiansen, M.H., 2010. Language acquisition meets language evolution. Cognitive Science, 34(7), pp.1131-1157. Cook, V. and Newson, M., 2014. Chomsky's universal grammar. John Wiley Sons. Couloumbis, T.A. and Kentikelenis, A.E., 2007. GreekTurkish relations and the Kantian democratic peace theory. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 7(4), pp.517-532. Chomsky, N., 2007. Approaching UG from below. Interfaces+ recursion= language, 89, pp.1-30. Chomsky, N., 2007. Of minds and language. Biolinguistics, 1, pp.009-027. Chomsky, N., 2014. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax (Vol. 11). MIT press. Cowie, F., 2008. Innateness and language. Drnyei, Z., 2009. The psychology of second language acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Harley, T.A., 2013. The psychology of language: From data to theory. Psychology press. Hoff, E., 2013. Language development. Cengage Learning. Kirby, S., Dowman, M. and Griffiths, T.L., 2007. Innateness and culture in the evolution of language. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(12), pp.5241-5245. Kuhl, P.K., 2010. Brain mechanisms in early language acquisition. Neuron, 67(5), pp.713-727. LARSENFREEMAN, D.I.A.N.E., 2007. Reflecting on the cognitivesocial debate in second language acquisition. The Modern Language Journal, 91(s1), pp.773-787. Larsen-Freeman, D., 2011. A complexity theory approach to second language development/acquisition. Alternative approaches to second language acquisition, 4872. Larsen-Freeman, D. and Long, M.H., 2014. An introduction to second language acquisition research. Routledge. Lawrence, C.D., 2008. English Oral Language Usage of Caregivers in Selected Orphanages of Eastern India: A Phenomenological Study (Doctoral dissertation, University of Alabama at Birmingham). Mitchell, R., Myles, F. and Marsden, E., 2013. Second language learning theories. Routledge. Pinker, S., 2009. Language learnability and language development, with new commentary by the author (Vol. 7). Harvard University Press. Richards, J.C. and Rodgers, T.S., 2014. Approaches and methods in language teaching. Cambridge university press.

International Business Zara- Free solution with case study

Questions: 1. How does Zara's advantage travel globally? Explain what features of Zara travel well and which ones do not. Analyze / discuss. 2. What do you think of Zara's past international strategy? Evaluate its past strategy for Product (market selection), its mode of entry (e.g. franchising, etc) and its standardization of marketing approach. 3. What is the best way to grow the Zara chain internationally? Where do you think (what region) would make most sense? Answers: Introduction Zara is one of the biggest retail chain in the worlds fashion industry. Indixt group from North West Spain owns the business. Some of the worlds famous brands are owned by the company. These include Pull Bear, Massimo Dutti, Oysho, Stradivarius, Uterque, and Bershka. Zara was first opened in 1975. They had been one of the most successful brands in the world having innovation at its core. The production line of Zara is not outsourced to low-cost countries to ensure authenticity in designs and productions. Many other companies in this segment do outsource there production to low cost countries. Zara is not very fond of advertising there brand. Instead they open new stores in different locations. Zara has always been known for the efficient customer support and effective supply chain they have in place. Their main focus lies upon the loyal customer. 1. How does Zara's advantage travel globally? Explain what features of Zara travel well and which ones do not. Analyze / discuss. Zaras promotion strategy both for domestic and the foreign market is same where at the start of the sales or when new store is made, then advertisement campaigns are held. Zara uses its store and its customers as its main promotional tools. Prices are set centrally with Spain as the core center and other international market as destination. Spain has least prices and prices of the international store varies as per the distribution cost associated with the overall value chain. Store location has always been a critical factor both for domestic as well as international market. Zara (Vertica, 2011) uses prime locations as their priorities for establishing a store. Opening up of stores at prime location are decided as per the overall analysis of the local environment where opportunity persist for the company so as to achieve maximum profitability at the end. Professional store decorators are used to prototype the interior design and shop window display centrally and then replicated intern ationally. Zara standardizes important strategic component such as window display, location, store layout, interior design, store display rotation, information systems, customer service and logistics. To suit the local preferences rest of the items are synchronized accordingly. 2. What do you think of Zara's past international strategy? Evaluate its past strategy for Product (market selection), its mode of entry (e.g. franchising, etc.) and its standardization of marketing approach. Zara follows three theories when one is talking about internationalization (Carmen, 2009). Uppsala internationalization model, Transaction cost analysis model, and the network model. First one which is Uppsala internationalization model (Hongjoo, 2014) says that a firm using the experience gained over time intensifies the commitment towards the international market (Andrea, 2013). With time and experience in a particular area, one tends to spread the business in that area locally first and then globally as per the capacity of the business expands. Foreign market have similar features in this case to the local territory. Similar feature can be said to be language, political system and culture. Firstly sporadic exports are been followed with no exports in the initial period. Secondly independent representatives do the export. Then foreign sales subsidiary are established. This model requires a four step model stated above. Zara started its business in 1975 when it opened its first store in Spain. Zara started off with opening stores in highly populated regions. They always tried to cover the territories they were working in and in 1988 went search for other international opportunities. They used their experience to learn and grow and to expand in the country and then to the foreign market. Their initial destination was Portugal because of its cultural and geographical similarity with Spain with some changes in the existing business model. Countries with less geographic distance were identified and new stores were opened there spreading all over the country. Then a new store was opened in Northern Europe particularly in Paris which is also called capital of fashion. Then they went to Mexico then to South American market. By overcoming the psychic and geographical distances, Zara expended in eight countries of Europe with the help of European Union. Then they changed the theme country of theirs to coinci de with the Australian and Middle East Culture. Zara readily followed the oil stain strategy by dominating over one place and spreading across similar to an oil stain on water. Zara opened its first social flagship store to get information about the industry and equipping the required expertise for which it opened the store in a strategic area. This expertise and experience helped the company to expand in the country. In European countries where the cultural and geographical distance is very low, Zara did direct investment using hierarchical model and used intermediate to enter the countries using joint ventures and franchises. In countries like India Zara used local agent like Tata to enter the market of the country. This overall strategy seems similar to the Uppsala internationalization model where Zara established there grounds in different countries going through the four stages. They outsourced some of the products instead of going to foreign manufacturing plant to be cost effective. 3. What is the best way to grow the Zara chain internationally? Where do you think (what region) would make most sense? Zara uses multi brand store strategy which has both advantages and disadvantages for the company. Zara (Viswanadham, 2012) has multiple brands under its roof like Zara Kids, Pull Bear, Massimo Dutti, Oysho, Stradivarius, Uterque, and Bershka. Zara followed an ethnocentric orientation during the early stages of internationalization where subsidiary companies of Zara had to be a replication of the existing Spanish stores. This approach however landed Zara into many difficulties due to the vast difference in the culture which is why Zara decided to now think on geographic front as well thereby allowing the company to use local solutions for the expansion of company rather than mere replicating the existing business model. One can see a homogeneous mix of products for the global market by Zara. It makes adjustments in the existing marketing mix hen it is expanding to different culture location. For example some of the garments werent allowed to be sold in Arab nations, vast different in customer sizes in Asian countries, different season as compared to other in the southern hemisphere. Zara is one of the biggest retail chain in the worlds fashion industry. It has transformed itself from a local Spanish brand to a globally recognized fashion brand within just 30 years (Rupal, 2013). References Andrea Runfola, Simone Guercini, (2013) "Fast fashion companies coping with internationalization: driving the change or changing the model?", Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal, Vol. 17 Iss: 2, pp.190 - 205 Carmen Lopez, Ying Fan, Brunel Business School , 2009, "INTERNATIONALISATION OF THE SPANISH FASHION BRAND ZARA ", Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management (2009), 13:2, 279-296 Hongjoo Woo , Byoungho Jin, 2014, "Asian apparel brands Internationalization: the application of theories to the cases of Giordano and Uniqlo", Youngone N. Viswanadham, 2012, ZARA-Fast Fashion, Ecosystem Aware Global Supply Chain Management, https://14.139.160.15/courses/110108056/module1/Lecture03.pdf Rupal Parekh, 2013, "How Zara Ballooned Into a Multi-Billion Dollar Brand Without Advertising", Advertizing Age, https://adage.com/article/cmo-strategy/zara-grew-a-multi-billion-dollar-brand-sans-ads/243730/ Vertica Bhardwaj, Megan Eickman Rodney C. Runyan, 2011, "A case study on the internationalization process of a born-global fashion retailer", The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, Volume 21, Issue 3, 2011.

Writing Research Papers - The Speech Language Pathology Essay Sample

Writing Research Papers - The Speech Language Pathology Essay SampleWhen students are required to write a research paper for their speech language pathology class, they have two options. They can either use the sample essays found in the textbook or research it on their own. However, which is better for a student's own research?First, it is important to note that there is not one specific essays for each of the four scenarios mentioned above. If you need to write an essay for each scenario, you can choose the one with which you will be most comfortable. The first scenario can have examples written by various students from different schools. The second scenario can have examples written by the author of this essay.Using the essay sample is the best way to begin the research. It is easy for a student to look up an example that meets the requirements for the student's desired scenario. The writer of the essay can look up his/her text and see what needs to be changed. Once the student ha s completed this step, he/she can proceed to doing some research about speech-language pathology.Writing a research paper about speech-language pathology is the best way to improve your writing skills. If you can do this step on your own, the rest of the research steps are much easier. However, if you need help, you can use one of the examples.Finally, when you are finished writing the essay, be sure to scan your final draft for errors. Any errors can cause major problems. Be sure to refer back to your essay to make sure that you have only completed the tasks required.In conclusion, using the speech-language pathology essay sample is the easiest way to begin the research. However, if you need help with the rest of the research steps, you can use one of the examples.In the end, choosing to write a research paper on speech-language pathology is the right choice for any student who wants to learn more about the field. Whether you chose to use the sample or do the research yourself, the most important thing is that you learn how to write a research paper that is strong and concise.

Vietnam Logistics Report Essay Example

Vietnam Logistics Report Essay US economic and military aid to South Viet Nam grew through the 1960s in an attempt to bolster the government, but US armed forces were withdrawn following a cease-fire agreement in 1973. Two years later, North Vietnamese forces overran the South reuniting the country under Communist rule. Despite the return of peace, for over a decade the country experienced little economic growth because of conservative leadership policies, the persecution and mass exodus of individuals many of them successful South Vietnamese merchants and growing international isolation. However, since the enactment of Viet Nams doi moi (renovation) policy in 1986, Vietnamese authorities have committed to increased economic liberalization and enacted structural reforms needed to modernize the economy and to produce more competitive, export-driven industries. The country continues to experience small-scale protests from various groups, the vast majority connected to land-use issues and the lack of equitable mechanisms for resolving disputes. Various ethnic minorities, such as the Montagnards of the Central Highlands and the Khmer Krom in the southern delta region, have also held protests. We will write a custom essay sample on Vietnam Logistics Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Vietnam Logistics Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Vietnam Logistics Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Economy Overview Viet Nam is a densely-populated developing country that in the last 30 years has had to recover from the ravages of war, the loss of financial support from the old Soviet Bloc, and the rigidities of a centrally-planned economy. Since 2001, Vietnamese authorities have reaffirmed their commitment to economic liberalization and international integration. They have moved to implement the structural reforms needed to modernize the economy and to produce more competitive export-driven industries. Viet Nams membership in the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) and entry into force of the US-Viet Nam Bilateral Trade Agreement in December 2001 have led to even more rapid changes in Viet Nams trade and economic regime. Viet Nams exports to the US increased 900% from 2001 to 2007. Viet Nam joined the WTO in January 2007 following over a decade long negotiation process. WTO membership has provided Viet Nam an anchor to the global market and reinforced the domestic economic reform process. Among other benefits, accession allows Viet Nam to take advantage of the phase-out of the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing, which eliminated quotas on textiles and clothing for WTO st partners on 1 January 2005. Agricultures share of economic output has continued to shrink from about 25% in 2000 to less than 20% in 2008. Deep poverty has declined significantly and is now smaller than that of China, India, and the Philippines. Viet Nam is working to create jobs to meet the challenge of a labor force that is growing by more than one-and-a-half million people every year. The global financial crisis, however, will constrain Viet Nams ability to create jobs and further reduce poverty. As global growth sharply drops in 2009, Viet Nams export-oriented economy exports were 68% of GDP in 2007 will suffer from lower exports, higher unemployment and corporate bankruptcies, and decreased foreign investment. 3/70 LCA – Viet Nam – Initial Assessment 2009 Version 1. 05 1. 1. 1. Basic Facts Basic Facts Capital Languages Ethnic Groups (1999 Census) Religions (1999 Census) Country Size (comparison) Population Density (map) Source: CIA – The World Fact Book 2009 Ha Noi (Ha Noi) Geographic Coordinates: N 21 ° 02’, E 105 ° 51 Vietnamese (official) English (increasingly favored as a second language) French Chinese Khmer Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian (Mountain area languages) 86. 2% Kinh (Viet) 1. 9% Tay 1. 7% Thai 1. 5% Muong 1. 4% Khome 1. 1% Hoa 1. 1% Nun 1. 0% Hmong 4. 1% Others 80. 8% None 9. 3% Buddhist 6. 7% Catholic 1. 5% Hoa Hao 1. 1% Cao Dai 0. 5% Protestant 0. 1% Muslim Country comparison: Between Germany and Norway (Ranking 65) Country comparison to the world: Between Mexico and Ethiopia (Ranking 13) Source Map: www. eliefweb. int Population Density within and outside a 10m Low Elevation Costal Zone: 4/70 LCA – Viet Nam – Initial Assessment 2009 Version 1. 05 Basic Facts Border Countries Source: CIA – The World Fact Book 2009 Total Borderline: 4,639 km Coastline: 3,444 km (excludes islands) Cambodia 1,228 km China 1,281 km Laos 2,130 km Territorial Sea: 1 2 nm Contiguous Zone: 24 nm Exclusive Economic Zone: 200 nm Continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin Commodities: Crude Oil, Marine Products, Rice, Coffee, Rubber, Tea, Garments, Shoes Total Exports: $62. 9 billion (2008 est. ) Exports Partners: US 18. 9%, Japan 13. 6%, China 7. 2%, Australia 6. 7%, Singapore 4. 2% Country comparison to the world: 51 Commodities: Machinery Equipment, Petroleum Products, Fertilizer, Steel Products, Raw Cotton, Grain, Cement, Motorcycles Exports Imports Total Imports: $75. 47 billion (2008 est. ) Imports Partners: China 19. 4%, Singapore 11. 6%, South Korea 8. 8%, Thailand 6. 1% (2008) – Country comparison to the World: 43 Paddy rice, coffee, rubber, cotton, tea, pepper, soybeans, cashews, sugar cane, peanuts, bananas; poultry; fish, seafood Agricultural Products 1. 1. 2. Country in Figures General Information Country Size Population Population Growth Rate GDP per capita Population under poverty line (%) HIV Prevalence (%) Time Zone (GMT +/-) Climate Description Currency Telephone dialing code Driving Source: CIA – The World Fact Book 2009 Total surface: 331,210 sq km Land surface: 310,070 sq km Water surface: 21,140 sq km 86,967,524 (July 2009 est. ) 0. 98% (2009 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 128 US $2,800 (2008 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 168 14. 8% (2007 est. 0. 5% (2007 est. ) Country comparison to the world: 73 UTC+7 Tropical in the south; monsoonal in the north with a hot rainy season (May to September) and a warm dry season (October to March) Dong (VND) + 84 Right Requirement for Viet Nam visa is varied from embassy to embassy. Hereafter Viet Nam visa requirements if you using online visa services. 1. Send your visa request by applying online at www. visatoViet Nam. org then the servic es will arrange a pre-approved letter for the delivery of a Viet Nam visa on arrival at the airport. Within 12 business hours after receiving final confirmation on payment, services will send the pre-approved letter with code for Viet Nam visa. 2. Using the pre-approved letter with the code sent by the services and 2 photos size 2in x 2in or 5. 08cm x 5. 08cm for pick up visa stamped on the passport. 3. The passport validity must exceed 1 month based on the specific visa, for example, the passport must valid at least 2 months if the required visa is for 1 month, or the passport must be valid at least 4 5/70 Visa requirements and cost LCA – Viet Nam – Initial Assessment 2009 Version 1. 5 months if the required visa is for 3 month. 4. The service fee is US $ 20 and has to be paid for in advance, 5. The stamp fee will be paid at the airport or at check-in point or at embassy. Stamp fee tarif as following : Viet Nam stamp fee for single entry visa of 1, 3 or 6 months : US$25 Viet Nam stamp fee for multiple entries visa of 1, 3 or 6 months : US$50 Viet Nam stamp fee for 1 year multiple entries visa : US$100 Source: www. visatoViet Nam. org Money Parity and Inflation Year 2009 (Nov 2009) 2008 2007 2006 2005 2. 2. Source: CIA – The World Fact Book www. Viet Namtravel. org Exchange Rate: US$ = Dong (VND) Rate of Inflation 17,690 24. 4% 16,548 8. 3% 16,119 7. 5% 15,983 8. 3% 15,746 9. 5% Humanitarian Background 2. 2. 1. Disasters, Conflicts Migration History Sources: Viet Nam Country Risk Profile Report 2009 – World Bank UN Natural Disasters Emergencies Programme Coordination Group (PCG 10) Overview Because of its topography, Viet Nam is susceptible to typhoons, floods, droughts, sea water intrusion, landslides, forest fires and occasional earthquakes of which typhoons and floods are the most frequent and most devastating hazards. The storm season lasts from May to December with storms hitting the northern part of the country in May through June and moving gradually south from July to December. Given the massive concentration of its population along the coastline and in the low lying deltas, disasters cause a high loss of life and damaged livelihoods. The encroachment of economic activity and development into marginally suitable areas such as floodplains, costal swamps, drainage channels or other natural buffers only adds to the vulnerability of the population. Disasters, Conflicts Migration Natural Disasters Drought Yes Earthquake Yes Frequency Comments Medium Low/Medium According to the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Viet Nam has approximately 30 earthquakeprone areas Medium Outbreaks of known communicable diseases continue to occur regularly in Viet Nam and the region. Of particular concern is planning and preparedness for an influenza pandemic, a rare but recurrent event Low Cold spells affect Northern Viet Nam High -. More than one million people are affected by annual flooding in Viet Nam Epidemic Extreme Temperature Flood Yes Yes Yes 6/70 LCA – Viet Nam – Initial Assessment 2009 Version 1. 05 Insect Infestation Yes n/a Slides Volcano’s Wave/Surge Wild Fires Wind Storm / Typhoons Man Made Civil Strife International Conflict Displaced in Country Refugees in Country Yes No Yes Yes Yes High Landslides are a common type of disaster in Viet Nam, consisting of river bank erosion, coastline erosion, and landslides on mountain slopes, etc. n/a Low Though a tsunami has not yet happened in Viet Nam, many coastal areas of Viet Nam may be affected by a tsunami due to the earthquake potential that exists in some neighboring countries. Medium High The storm season lasts from May to December The frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones originating in the Pacific have increased over the last few decades and pose as one of the major disasters affecting Viet Nam No No No No Nearly a half million people had settled in the West before the 1987 Comprehensive Plan of Action ended in 1996. 110,000 Vietnamese who risked pirates and drowning on the high seas in an attempt to gain asylum in the West were rejected and sent home, some after languishing for years in refugee camps around the region. The majority have successfully reintegrated, allowing UNHCR in late 1998 to significantly reduce 25 years of activity in the Southeast Asian nation. Source: UNHCR Refugee Magazine 1999 In 2003, 166 casualties reported, down from 237 in 2001, however, estimates include 1,110 people killed and 1,882 injured every year on average Source: Handicap International Belgium 2003 Refugees from country Yes Landmines year Casualties / Yes *: www. em-dat. net/disasters/countryprofiles. php Centre for Research on Epidemiology of Disasters, Belgium /70 LCA – Viet Nam – Initial Assessment 2009 Version 1. 05 2. 2. 2. Calamities and Seasonal Affects Seasonal Affects on Transport Transport Primary Road Transport Secondary Road Transport Rail Transport Air Transport Waterways Transport Comments Landslides, congestion Landslides, congestion Landslides, congestion From May to December May to December May to December Seasonal Affects on Storage and Handling Activity Storage Handling Other 2. 2. 3. Comments Shortage No affect From May to December May to December Capacities to Respond to Emergencies Government The Government of Viet Nam holds primary responsibility for providing humanitarian assistance to people in need. The United Nations Natural Disasters and Emergencies Program Coordination Group ( PCG 10) serves as a forum for UN agencies, including FAO, UNDP, UNICEF, UNFPA, UNIFEM, UN HABITAT, WHO, IOM and WB. The objective of this Preparedness Plan is to ensure coordination of UN assistance to the Government of Viet Nam (GoV) in respect to disaster risk reduction, disaster preparedness, mitigation, relief/ rescue, rehabilitation and reconstruction. The National Disaster Mitigation Partnership is the Government of Viet Nam’s counterpart to the PCG 10. The PCG 10 is expected to maintain close coordination with their Government counterparts, the National Cluster Leads. On the 5 ASEAN Regional Forum on Disaster Relief, (Dec 2005) the Vietnamese delegate stressed on the necessity inter-agency coordination, especially between the military and civilian agencies. Illustrating the government response measures and capacities in providing humanitarian assistance, the International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent (IFRC) reports on the operations (IFRC DREF Final operations report, 8 July 2009) following the Typhoon Hagupit: â€Å"Following the weakening of Typhoon Hagupit from a full-fledged typhoon into a tropical depression, heavy rains caused flash floods and landslides in 11 northern provinces of Viet Nam on 26-28 September 2008. Of these, the provinces of Bac Giang, Lang Son, Quang Ninh and Son La suffered the worst results. Flooding was severe in many areas, particularly in the Bac Giang province where up to 62 communes and towns in three districts were submerged. In Quang Ninh province, as many as 70 communes in six districts were under deep water (†¦). Response from the central government in the wake of the disaster was mainly through the mobilization of army troops to evacuate affected people to safer and higher places such as cement buildings. After the immediate emergency, the government also worked through the health sector to provide Chloramine B to purify water, or support in cash of VND 2 million (USD 115) per family who lost family members in the disaster. Local governments in their respective provinces immediately reacted during the emergency by providing instant noodles and water to those affected. Later assistance was mainly from local donors such as entrepreneurs, religious groups or organizations in the form of cash, instant noodles, rice or cloth, but in limited quantities. † th 2. . 3. 1. 8/70 LCA – Viet Nam – Initial Assessment 2009 Version 1. 05 Ministry Address Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) 2 Ngoc Ha Street, Ba Dinh, Ha Noi , Viet Nam Disaster Management Center, 2 Ngoc Ha Street, Ha Noi, Viet Nam 2. 2. 3. 2. Name Address Contact Details Tel: +84 4 823 5804 Fax: +84 4 823 0381 ICARD: Tel: +84 4 733 2160 +84 4 823 5804 Fax: +84 4 823 0381 Web: www. agroviet. gov. vn Tel: +84 4 3733 5805 Email: [emailprotected] gov. vn [emailprotected] gov. vn Mr. Dang Quang Minh – Director Email: dqminh. [emailprotected] com Humanitarian Community Contact Details Tel: +84 4 3942 1495 Fax: +84 4 3942 2267 Contact Details Tel: Fax: Email: Tel: +84 4 3942 4208 Fax: +84 4 3942 3257 Web: www. fao. org. vn Tel: +84 4 826 3703 +84 4 942 8926 Fax: +84 4 942 4285 +84 4 826 3703 Web: www. redcross. org. vn Email: [emailprotected] org. vn Phone: +84 4 762 8422 Fax: +84 4 762 8423 Email: [emailprotected] org. vn Web: www. cecivietnam. org Tel: +84 4 3 573 5050 Ext 230 Fax: +84 4 3 573 6060 Web: www. savethechildren. net/vietnam Tel: +84 4 3945 4362 Ext 121 Mob: +84 913 520 770 Fax: +84 4 3945 4365 Tel: +84 4 942 5706 Fax: +84 4 942 5705 Email: Ha Noi. [emailprotected] org Web: www. unicef. org Tel: +84 4 6251 0448 Fax: +84 4 6251 0576 Email: [emailprotected] com Web: www. samaritanspurse. org Humanitarian Coordination Name Address Contact John Hendra – UNDP Resident Coordinator 25-29 Phan Boi Chau, Ha Noi, Viet Nam Coordination Mechanisms, Committees Groups Name Address Contact OCHA FAO 3 Nguyen Gia Thieu Street, P. O. Box 63, Ha Noi, Viet Nam VRC 82, Nguyen Du Street, Ha Noi, Viet Nam CESI Block P, La Thanh Hotel, 218 Doi Can Street P. O. Box 233, Ha Noi, Viet Nam Save the Children Building E3, Trung Tu Diplomatic Compound, 6 Dang Van Ngu Street, Ha Noi, Viet Nam Oxfam th 6 Floor, 22 Le Dai Hanh District Hai Ba Trung Ha Noi, Viet Nam UNICEF 81A Tran Quoc Toan, Hoan Kiem District Ha Noi , Viet Nam Samaritan’s Purse 24. T1 – Suite 2405 Hoang Dao Thuy St, Ha Noi, Viet Nam N/A Andrew Speedy FAO Representative andrew. [emailprotected] org Mr. Tran Ngoc Tang (Ph D) President Mr. Doan Van Thai (MA) V. President and Secretary Gen Arne Anderson Logistics Delegate, IFRC Phan Cong Tuan Country Representative Ngoc Anh Nguyen Ngoc Anh Admin Manager Email: [emailprotected] rg. v n Provash Mondal Humanitarian Programme Coordinator in Viet Nam Email: [emailprotected] org. uk Mr. Jesper Morch (Danish) UNICEF Representative Email: [emailprotected] org Mr. Jean Dupraz (French) Deputy Representative Email: [emailprotected] org Stephen G. Copple Country Director 9/70 LCA – Viet Nam – Initial Assessment 2009 Ver sion 1. 05 2. 3. National Regulatory Departments Ministry Name Address Ministry of Finance 28 Tr n Hung D o, Ha N i, Viet Nam Summary of Role and Services Contact Names Email Minister: Vu Van Ninh V. Minister: Nguyen Cong Nghiep Email: [emailprotected] ov. vn Contact Details Tel: +84 4 220 2828 Fax: +84 4 220 8091 Web: www. mof. gov. vn The Ministry of Finance is a Government agency which has the function of implementing the State management in finance (including: State budget, tax, fees and other revenues of the State budget, national reserve, State financial funds, financial investment, corporate finance and financial services); customs; accounting; independent auditing; insurance; prices; securities; conducting the ownership rights to the State’s investment capital in enterprises according to regulations of the Law. Pursuant to the Decree No 118/2008/ND-CP issued by the Government, the main tasks and duties of the Ministry of Finance are as follows: 1. Submit to the Government and Prime Minister for approval law and ordinance projects. Draft legal documents, strategy and development planning, long-term, five-year and annual plans on the fields within the Ministry’s authority. 2. Issue legal documents within the Ministry’s authority. 3. Instruct, guide, supervise and to be in charge of implementing the legal documents, strategy, planning, plan; to set up the propaganda, disseminate, educate legal documents on the fields within the Ministry’s authority. 4. Manage the State budget. 5. Manage the collection of tax, fees and other revenues under the State budget. 6. Manage the budget fund, the State reserve fund another State financial funds. 7. Manage the national reserves. 8. Manage the State assets. 9. Manage corporate finances and the State capital at the enterprises. 10. Manage the Government borrowings and debt servicing from domestic and abroad; and international grants. 11. Implement the State management in accounting and auditing. 12. Manage banks and non-banking financial institutions regarding issues; financial services. 13. Manage customs activities. 14. Implement the State management in prices. 15. Issue Govt bonds and participate in stock market management under the regulations of law. 16. Manage, supervise stock and stock market. 17. Organize and guide the implementation of statistics in the fields within the Ministry’s authority. 8. Undertake international cooperation and economic integration in the fields within the Ministry’s authority. 19. Organize and guide the implementation of scientific research, scientific and technology application in the field within the Ministry’s authority. 20. Decide specific orientations and measures and guide the operating mechanism of public services providing organizations in the field s within the Ministry’s authority in accordance with provisions of Laws; to manage and guide the implementation of activities of non-productive units within the Ministry’s authority. 1. Implement the State management to associations and non-Governmental organizations in the fields within the Ministry’s authority. 22. Inspect, control, settle complaints and denouncements, resist corruption, and be processed by authorized level or be submitted to the competent levels for settlement in accordance to the regulations of law applied for finance-budget management regime breaks and violations. 23. Conduct administrative reform under the Government program. 24. Manage organizational structure, permanent staff; guide the implementation of the provisions on salary, bonuses, disciplines for the State officers within the Ministry’s authority; train and retrain staff in the whole sector. 25. Manage the assigned capital and assets and the distributed budget plan under the provisions of the Law. 10/70 LCA – Viet Nam – Initial Assessment 2009 Version 1. 05 Ministry Name Address Viet Nam Customs: No 162 Nguyen Van Cu Street, Long Bien District, Ha Noi Capital, Viet Nam Summary of Role and Services 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. . 7. Contact Names Email Director General: Le Manh Hung Standing Deputy Director General: Nguyen Ngoc Tuc Email: [emailprotected] gov. vn Contact Details Tel: +84 4 872 7033 Fax: +84 4 872 5949 Web: www. customs. gov. vn Management over imports exports activities and international trade. Conditions to the trade and production development. Protection and contribution to the facilitation of development of national econ omy. Protection of revenues. Fighting against smuggling, combat commercial fraud, and protection of the interests of consumers. Contributing to the protection of economic sovereignty, national security and community security. Assisting in socio-economic management. NB: The website contains the rules and regulations applied to the customs for importers Ministry Name Address Viet Nam Food Administration 138A Gian Vo, Ha Noi, Viet Nam Summary of Role and Services The Viet Nam Food Administration is responsible for managing food hygiene, safety, and quality and has made significant progression since its establishment in 1999. Food safety remains a high priority in Viet Nam with growth of export markets and increasing food imports, there is a need to rapidly build the capacity of the food Administration to reduce the threats of food borne disease. The Food Administration has demonstrated commitment to the food safety challenges it faces, and has embarked on an innovative capacity building activity with technical assistance from the World Health Organization. Recently, the Food Administration signaled its ongoing commitment to food safety via the signing of a Technical assistance agreement with the Asian Development Bank to undertake a capacity building project titled Capacity Building for the Prevention of Food borne Disease. Under this agreement, the Food Administration is working with a World Health Organization team on a series of activities that will develop its food safety program, promote food safety, and reduce the incidence of food borne diseases. The agreement will also position the Food Administration as the national lead agency for food safety matters in Viet Nam. The Technical Assistance Agreement commenced in July 2001, and included the following specific components: 1. 2. 3. 4. Policy Review, Law Reform and Assistance for more Effective Law Enforcement Strengthening the National Food Safety Laboratory Network Implementation of Food borne Disease Surveillance System Establishment of a Centre for Information, Education, Communication and Training in Food Safety Contact Names Email Name: Title: Email: [emailprotected] ov. vn Contact Details Tel +84 4 2220 2222 Fax: +84 4 2220 2525 Web: www. moit. gov. vn Contact Names Email Director: Prof Dr Phan Thi Kim Email: [emailprotected] vnn. vn Contact Details Tel: +84 4 846 4489 Fax: +84 4 846 3739 Web: http://vfa. gov. vn Ministry Name Address Ministry of Industry and Trade 54 Hai Ba Trung, Hoan Kiem, Ha Noi, Viet Nam Summary of Role and Services 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Grant of license for electricity operation Procedures for handling anti-subsidy investigation Procedures for investigation and settlements of anti-dumping Procedures to request for exemption for Agreements in Restraint of Competition of and Economic Concentration Procedures for economic centralization announcement Procedures for complaint, investigation, handling of competition cases Grant of Certificate of eligibility for bottling liquefied petroleum gas Grant of trading and using industrial explosives license 11/70 LCA – Viet Nam – Initial Assessment 2009 Version 1. 05 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. Procedures for Digital signature authentication Procedures for grant of quotas for import (export) of production materials and industrial explosives Procedures for grant of permit for industrial explosives and Ammonium Nitrate import and export Procedures for granting certificate of declaration of dangerous chemicals Procedures for grant of permit for industrial explosives and Ammonium Nitrate import and export Procedures for safeguard measures application investigation Grant of certificate of liquefied petroleum gas trading eligibility Grant of certificate of petrol and oil trading eligibility Grant of license for Goods Exchange Establishment Procedures for grant of license for export and import of petrol and oil Procedures for assigning minimum quotas for import petrol and oil Grant of tobacco trading license Grant of alcoholic beverage trading license Grant of license for Goods Exchange Establishment Grant of certificate of petrol and oil trading eligibility Grant of certificate of liquefied petroleum gas trading eligibility Grant of permit for import of zone layer depleting substances Permit for sugar, salt, tobacco raw material and poultry egg import under quotas Grant of permit for sport gun and cartridge import Grant of certificate of eligibility for free duty goods trading Grant of automatic import permit Grant of export permit for fertilizer originating from imported sources Grant of Certificate of Origin Approval for Plans on import, temporary import for re-export of supply, machinery and equipment of construction foreign contractors in Viet Nam Permit for import of cigars and cigarettes for duty-free goods trading Grant of Permit for temporary import for re-export, border-gate transfer of goods in the list of goods banned from import and suspended import, banned from export and suspended from export Grant of license for temporary import for re-export of safrole Grant of Cambodia’s timber import permit Grant of tobacco production license Grant of Certificate of eligibility for tobacco raw material processing Procedures for grant of Liquor production License Approval of foreign – invested enterprise’s plan of finished product import for marketing Ministry Name Address Ministry of Transport of Viet Nam 80 Tran Hung Dao St, Hoan Kiem Dist, Ha Noi, Viet Nam Summary of Role and Services Contact Names Email Contact Details Tel: +84 4 3942 0863 Fax: +84 4 3942 0863 Web: www. mt. gov. vn To formulate and submit national master plan for transport development to the government. To give instructions to provinces, cities under the central management and specialized administrations to formulate local master plan for transport development in accordance with the national master plan to submit to the government for approval. To give instruction to specialized administrations to draft laws and by-laws (laws, ordinances), policies on transport management to submit to the government for approval or the Ministry of Transport will promulgate in accordance with its authorization. To issue national standards and classify categories of seaports, river ports, road network, railways, inland waterway, and maritime channels in accordance with the laws and regulations; and to give instructions to specialized administrations to implement the above-mentioned standards. To submit to the government for approval or to approve works, transport construction projects, technical designs, and implementation methods, check hand-over of transport construction projects in accordance with the laws and regulations on infrastructure construction management. To supervise the approval of projects of specialized administrations within authorization of the administrations. To manage the quality of transport infrastructure construction works in accordance with the national standards. 12/70 LCA – Viet Nam – Initial Assessment 2009 Version 1. 05 To give guideline and supervise the issuance, extension and withdrawal of certificates and licenses of construction, operation regarding traffic and protection of transport structures in accordance with the laws and regulations. To stipulate technical standards for imported or locally produced transport means, equipment and spare parts in accordance with technical specifications, economic condition and traffic safety of Viet Nam. To be responsible for supervision of the enforcement of laws, policies and the ministrys regulations on state management of road, railway, inland waterway and maritime transport nation-wide. Ministry Name Address Ministry of Science and Technology 39 Tran Hung Dao Street, Ha Noi, Viet Nam Summary of Role and Services: Contact Names Email Minister: Hoang Van Phong Deputy Minister: Le Dinh Tien Email: [emailprotected] gov. vn Contact Details Tel: +84 4 943 9731 Fax: +84 4 943 9733 Web: www. most. gov. vn The Ministry of Science and Technology is a governmental agency which performs the function of state management of science and technology, covering: †¢ Scientific and technological activities †¢ Development of scientific and technological potential †¢ Intellectual property; standardization, measurement and quality control †¢ Atomic energy, radiation and nuclear safety †¢ State management of public services in accordance with law. Back to Top of Chapter or back to Table of Contents 13/70 LCA – Viet Nam – Initial Assessment 2009 Version 1. 05 2. 4. Customs Information 2. 4. 1. Customs Clearance Customs Clearance Document Requirements Non Refundable AID Goods Un-refundable aid goods mean un-refundable amount under forms of money, assets from governments, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), foreign individuals and groups to Viet Nam in the support of developing Vietnamese society and economy or for humanitarian purposes that are implemented through political documents signed by two parties and approved by competent authority and under form of humanitarian aid, urgent relief in service of recovery of damages from wars or natural disasters 2. 4. 1. 1. †¢ Customs Procedures †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ The approval of program or project or the permit of competent state body. Project or program documents, agreements, protocol, diplomatic notes or arrangements officially signed with foreign partners or aid announcement. Bill of Lading of goods imported Confirmation of un-refundable aid goods issued by External and Financial Department of Financial Ministry. Import contract or entrusted contract for importation of goods stating that goods have been imported through un-refundable ODA source. Based on customs dossier and actual goods, customs office that carries out customs procedures for importation shall issue decision on tax exemption for each case. References †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 2. 4. 1. 2. Decree No 54/CP dated August 28, 1993 of Government detailing the implementation of Law on export and import tax. Decree No 17/2001/ND-CP dated May 4, 2001 of Government promulgating regulations on managing and using official development assistance fund. D

How hollywood is rewriting his essays

How hollywood is rewriting his essays How Hollywood is rewriting history. (25-09-04) Last week we celebrated the sixtieth universe of the battle of Arnhem. Holland was occupied by the Germans. And the allied troops made an attempt to take bridges over the main rivers of the German-occupied Netherlands, enabling the Allies to advance into Germany without any remaining major obstacles. The operation was successful up to the capture of the Rhine bridge at Nijmegen, but was overall a failure as the final bridge at Arnhem was not held, resulting in the destruction of the British 1st Airborne division. Tragic till so far you might think. Not according to Hollywood. According to Hollywood the British 1st Airborne division prevailed in there attempts to liberate Holland. And off course the Movie was a huge success. Millions of people around the world saw A bridge to far with the idea that they were seeing a truth -story In this essay I am going to attempt to explain how Hollywood is changing the facts, but moreover why? We live in a time were television has a huge role in the lives of people there daily living. When Oprah Winfrey warned people of the mad cow disease there was a huge increase in the demand of meat in the United States. And when Jennifer Anniston had a special haircut every trendy woman try to be like her. So you cant conceal the fact that mass-media has a giant role in our perception of things. Seeing that you can conclude that people believe instantly what they see and are taking it for granted and especially when a movie claims to be based on a true story. Many of tragic historical events were filmed. Which of course its great because it creates a huge interest in unknown topics. Who would have known of the Titanic if it werent for the movie? As a result Hollywood has the power to bring unfamiliar things to the attention of the mass and create a huge awareness. The holocaust was a historical fact for me but ...

Business Consulting Firm hired to decide if a 35 employee electrical Research Paper

Business Consulting Firm hired to decide if a 35 employee electrical construction and service company should outsource its past - Research Paper Example This study intends to consider the extent of advantages attributed to outsourcing of services of account receivables and the necessity of maintain good customer relations. This study reveals that company’s biggest challenge is to collect the funds from its numerous clients. It is imperative to note that, some of the impediments promoting this situation include lack of strong internal controls guiding financial matters. For instance, the company lacks internal controls guiding billing and collection efforts (Sirota, James & Tantor media, 2008). The departments intended to ensure that, due diligence in collection efforts has been exercised seem to be inexistent. It is significant to note that, due diligence is satisfied when the client’s statements or invoices are mailed monthly or at the agreed payment period. The clients should be billed shortly before the end of the current service delivery period, such that the client can make prior arrangements for payment. In additi on, exceptional reminders or collection mails for the past due accounts should be sent to clients. However, provisions should provide that discontinuing of services for delinquent clients be implemented after certain duration. This study reveals that, the company has lost a lot of money through non-payment by clients due to poor collection methods attributed to the limited number of employees. An apt internal control for collection of debts and monitoring accounts receivable is fundamental in any firm because it helps solve current business problems and helps prevent fraud from occurring. More over, it creates confidence on the public and other investors and strong controls. These aspects ensure transparency, accountability and enhance a vivid flow of funds collected from the clients (Sirota, 2008). This situation leads to the investigation of the advantages attributed to the outsourcing services. Essentially, outsourcing refers to the act of contracting out a business process or fu nction, which the organization may have performed internally and due to inefficiency or expansion of a business, it opts to subcontract it to an external company. It s noteworthy that, outsourcing is a common feature of modern economy (Sirota, 2008). The outsourcing deal may include transfer of employees and assets involved in the outsourcing partner. The company in this context will find numerous advantages in outsourcing its account receivable process alongside keeping good relations with its clientele. It is essential to note that, the outsourcing partner will embark on tracking of clients who do not pay the service dues. The advantages attributed to the outsourcing company include Facilitating more focus on core activities In a rapid growth periods, the back office operations of a company are likely to expand. This development may begin to guzzle both human and financial resources at the cost of the core deeds of the company’s success (Sirota, 2008). Outsourcing these ope rations will permit refocusing on the core actions of the business without sacrificing quality or service in the back office. This may include company marketing, opening of new branches employee motivation and empowerment. Reduced overhead Essentially, overhead costs of performing back office functions are extremely high. For instance, the expense incurred in collecting debts from numerous clients is considerably high, and it might affect the smooth running of the firm (Newell, 2010). Outsourcing enables a firm to perform the outsourced function in at

Article Analysis Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Article Analysis Assignment - Essay Example The study investing the taser’s impact on the arrest of the criminals, it further tested whether the tasers affected the arrest process negatively or positively. It also investigated the extent to which the armed officers use the alternative types of arms and also the necessary alternatives that the officers use on tasers (Michael & Earl, 2014) In order to conduct this study, the author used experiment to determine the impacts on the use of tarser. Here, policemen were divided into two camps. One were allowed the use of tarsiers in law enforcement while the other group was denied the use of tarser. The results were later analyzed. The author also used secondary data to get information pertaining the use of force in order to carry out arrests and also maintaining law and order. He used already published information in form of books and journals (Michael & Earl, 2014). Since the use of force on criminals brought about a heated debate on whether it would be implied or not. The author collected information from activists who condemned this activity. He further used questionnaires which were administered to the common persons who gave their ideas on the impacts of taser to the suspects. He also engaged in focus discussion groups which contained all the relevant stakeholders (Michael & Earl, 2014). The study found that the officers who went to work with the tasers found it less likely to use other alternative forms of weapons in controlling the level of suspect resistance; the alternative arms in this case include the balloon, pepper spray and also the use of bear hands. It was also found that the officers found it difficult in applying other forms of arms in the case of suspect’s resistance (Michael & Earl, 2014). It was also found that the officers that went too tackle suspects were not easy in using the tarsiers in cases of resistant and violent suspects. Moreover there was no difference in behavior between